Monarchy in New Brunswick
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| Queen in Right of New Brunswick | |
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| Monarchy | |
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 Royal Coat of Arms of New Brunswick |
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| Incumbent: Elizabeth II Queen of Canada |
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| Style: | Her Majesty |
| First monarch: | Victoria |
| Formation: | July 1, 1867 |
The Monarchy in New Brunswick is a legal entity formally known as the Crown in Right of New Brunswick (French: couronne du chef du Nouveau-Brunswick), which serves as the institution from which the power of the state flows within the province of New Brunswick, forming the core of the province's Westminster system of constitutional monarchy. The present Canadian monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, since February 6, 1952, who is known within New Brunswick's legal jurisdiction as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Brunswick (French: Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Nouveau-Brunswick). As the monarch does not reside in New Brunswick, a vice-regal representative, the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, is appointed to carry out all the monarch's duties in the province.
The Crown in Right of New Brunswick was established with the British North America Act, 1867 (now the Constitution Act, 1867), though the governments of the previous incarnations of the province, going back to the establishment of Acadia in 1654, have been monarchical in nature, and historical links with the French and British Crowns extend back even further, to the 1530s.
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[edit] Constitutional monarchy in New Brunswick
Within the Canadian constitutional monarchy system the headship of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions[citation needed]; the Queen reigns impartially over the country as a whole. However, due to Canada's federal nature, each province in Canada, as with the federal government, derives its authority and sovereignty directly from the one Canadian monarch, meaning there effectively exists within the country eleven legally distinct crowns with one sovereign[citation needed]. Thus, New Brunswick has a separate government headed by the Queen; however, as a province, New Brunswick is not itself a monarchy.
A lieutenant governor is appointed by the Governor General, on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, to serve as the Queen's representative in the province, carrying out all the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties of state on her behalf. The viceroy is provided an official residence by the Crown: Old Government House in Fredericton. The building belongs to the Crown, being held in trust for future rulers, and cannot be sold by the monarch. His Honour The Honourable Herménégilde Chiasson is the current Lieutenant Governor, having served since August 26, 2003.
The Crown in Right of New Brunswick performs a vast number of functions and duties central to the provincial government, judicial system, and system of honours, as well as owning provincial Crown corporations and Crown Land.
- Further information: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
[edit] Symbols
Images of St. Edward's, the Tudor, and King's Crown are visible on on provincial symbols such as police badges, city arms, and the Order of New Brunswick, the latter illustrating the monarch's place as the ceremonial head of the Canadian honours system. Portraits of the monarch are often found in government buildings, schools, and military installations. The Crown is also included on the Lieutenant Governor's personal flag, or vice-regal standard, visible above the shield of the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of New Brunswick, which, in turn, is surrounded by ten gold maple leafs, symbolizing the ten provinces.
Monuments to members of the Royal Family are located across the province. As well, within the main chamber of the Legislative Assembly, hand large paintings of King George III and Queen Charlotte.
- Further information: National symbols of Canada, Canadian royal symbols, and Flags of the Lieutenant Governors of Canada
[edit] Royal presence
Members of the Royal Family have been visiting New Brunswick since before the province joined Confederation, either as a royal tour, a vice-regal tour, or as a "marketing visit" (meaning in association with a charity or military organization instead of a state affair). Queen Elizabeth II has traveled to New Brunswick more than any other member of the Royal Family, touring all parts of the province from Shediac to Juniper.
[edit] History
The first monarcical connection to New Brunswick was formed when Jacques Cartier discovered, and named, the Baie des Chaleurs in 1534, claiming it for King Francis I. Over the course of the following century, colonists arrived from France to establish seigneuries along the St. John River, the upper Bay of Fundy, and St. Pierre, leading the area, along with present day Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and parts of Maine, to be proclaimed part of the royal French colony of Acadia.
At approximately the same time, King James I granted all of present day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and part of Maine to Sir William Alexander in 1621, appointing him goveror via royal charter; the area was all-together known at the time as Nova Scotia. To foster settlement of this new part of the British Crown's dominion, James's son, King Charles I, created the Baronets of Nova Scotia. Many of these Baroneticies continue to exist today.
Over the course of the 17th century, the French Crown lost its Atlantic maritime territories to the British. However, the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, left much of what is now New Brunswick under King Louis XIV. This wasn't to last long, though, as by around 1760, King George II took control of what was left of Acadia during the Seven Years' War. With hostilities growing in the lead up to this conflict, the Acadians were ordered in 1754 to renew their oath — but this time, however, without including any reservations against fighting the French or their Mi'kmaq neighbours that had been allowed previously. The majority of Acadians refused. The response was the forced removal of thousands of the French-speaking inhabitants, to board ships that headed off in various directions. This event came to be known as the Great Upheaval.
The population of the colony, now again part of Nova Scotia, remained sparse until the end of the American revolutionary war, when those who had fought for the Crown in the conflict were granted land in British North America; those who moved north were dubbed the United Empire Loyalists. They did not feel comfortable with the existing residents of Nova Scotia, feeling them to be aligned with the United States and its republican cause. Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote from Saint John at the end of 1786: "[The loyalists] have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who are even more disaffected towards the British Government than any of the new States ever were. This makes me much doubt their remaining long dependent."[1] For this, and geographic reasons, the colony of New Brunswick was created by Order-in-Council, on August 16, 1784; Sir Thomas Carleton was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor. The name "New Brunswick" was chosen to honour King George III, who was descended from the House of Brunswick, itself deriving its name from the town of Braunschweig, in Lower Saxony. Though Saint John was not chosen as the colonial capital, it was incorporated through royal charter by King George III in 1786.
New Brunswick saw anti-monarchical sentiment expressed when a petition by an American settler, John Baker, in the colony to have his New Brunswick lands absorbed into the State of Maine sparked the undeclared Aroostook War in 1838. Baker raised an American-style flag over his home and declared the Republic of Madawaska, which, though never formally recognized, was supported by other residents in the area, and continues to be informally used today to describe the region.
In 1867 came Confederation, and the Lieutenant Governor of the newly created province of New Brunswick became an agent of the federal government of Canada, rather than of the government in Whitehall.
Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, in December 2003, read a royal proclamation declaring the Crown's acknowledgement of the expulsion of the Acadians from New Brunswick, and designated July 28 as "A Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval." This was intended to close one of the longest open cases in the history of the British courts, initiated when the Acadian representatives first presented their grievances of forced dispossession of land, property, and livestock, in 1760, though the acknowledgement was issued by the Queen in Right of Canada and not the Queen in Right of the United Kingdom.
[edit] Royal connections
New Brunswick's monarchical status is illustrated via associations between the Crown and many private organizations within the province, as well as through royal names applied to a plethora of regions, communities, schools, buildings, and monuments, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the Royal Family.
[edit] Communities
The Crown's presence at the most local levels is demonstrated in part by royal and vice-regal namesakes chosen to be incorporated by communities across the province. Communities with royally or vice-regally associated named include:
| Towns/cities named for Canadian sovereigns include: | ||||||||
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| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Fredericton | Founded by United Empire Loyalists, and made the provincial capital by Governor Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, the city was named in honour of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, second son of King George III | |||||||
| Towns/cities named for members of the Canadian Royal Family include: | ||||||||
| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Lorne | John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, who was otherwise known by the courtesy title Marquess of Lorne | |||||||
| Prince William | Prince William Henry, later King William IV | |||||||
| Towns/cities named for Canadian viceroys include: | ||||||||
| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Elgin | Governor James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin | |||||||
| Stanley | Governor General Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby | |||||||
| Other: | ||||||||
| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Balmoral | Settled predominantly by Scottish immigrants, the town was named after the Queen's private home in Scotland, Balmoral Castle | |||||||
| Counties named for Canadian sovereigns include: | ||||||||
| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Victoria County | Queen Victoria[2] | |||||||
| King's County and Queen's County | King George III and Queen Charlotte | |||||||
| Counties named for members of the Canadian Royal Family include: | ||||||||
| Community | Named for | |||||||
| Albert County | Prince Albert | |||||||
| Charlotte County | Queen Charlotte | |||||||
[edit] Education
Schools across the province are also named for Canadian sovereigns, royal family members, or either federal or provincial viceroys.
| Schools named for Canadian sovereigns include: | ||||||||
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| School | Location | Named for | ||||||
| Queen Elizabeth School | Moncton | Queen Elizabeth | ||||||
| George Street Middle School | Fredericton | King George V | ||||||
| Coronation Park Elementary School | Bathurst | coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 | ||||||
| Schools named for members of the Canadian Royal Family include: | ||||||||
| School | Location | Named for | ||||||
| Prince Charles Elementary School | Saint John | Charles, Prince of Wales | ||||||
| Princess Elizabeth School | Saint John | Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) | ||||||
| Connaught Street Elementary School | Fredericton | Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn | ||||||
| Albert Street Middle School | Fredericton | Albert, Prince Consort | ||||||
| Schools named for Canadian viceroys include: | ||||||||
| School | Location | Named for | ||||||
| Vincent Massey Elementary School | St. Andrews | Vincent Massey | ||||||
[edit] Landmarks
A number of buildings, monuments and geographic locations are named for Canadian monarchs, members of the Royal Family, or federal or provincial viceroys.
[edit] Royal designation, charter and patronage
Organizations in New Brunswick may be founded by a Royal Charter, receive a "royal" prefix, and/or be honoured with the patronage of a member of the Royal Family.
- Further information: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces: Royal designation, charter and patronage
[edit] See also
- Monarchy
- Federation
- The Canadian Crown and First Nations, Inuit and Métis
- Debate on the monarchy in Canada
- Symbols of New Brunswick
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Clark; pp. 150-151
- ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia: Victoria
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