Modern Chess

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Modern chess. Prime Minister is placed to the left of the King.

Homemade Archbishop (left) and Chancellor (right) pieces, built from readily available plastic pieces from standard chess sets.

Modern chess is a chess variant played on a 9x9 board. The game is named after its inventor, Gabriel Vicente Maura. Maura thought that chess would be played out in a few decades, that games between chess grandmasters would always end in a draw. This danger of "draw death" was a main motivation for him to create a more complex and rich version of chess.

Besides the usual set of chess pieces, each player has an additional new pieces with a corresponding pawn:

• an Prime Minister that moves as both a bishop and a knight.

The new pieces have properties that enrich the game. For example, the archbishop can checkmate a lone king by itself (king in a corner, archbishop placed diagonally with one square in between). Capablanca thought that adding these two powerful pieces would reduce the likelihood of a draw and make the game itself more interesting.

[edit] Setup of the pieces

Capablanca proposed two opening setups for Capablanca Chess. In one opening setup, he proposed that the archbishop be placed between the bishop and the queen and that the chancellor be placed between the king and the king's bishop. This setup has the flaw that it leaves the pawn in front of the king's bishop undefended, allowing white to threaten mate on the first move.

He subsequently revised the opening setup so that the archbishop was between the queen's knight and bishop, and the chancellor was between the king's knight and bishop. He also experimented with 10x10 board sizes, where the pawns could move up to three squares on the initial move.

In his book, The Adventure of Chess, Edward Lasker writes (p.39): ...I played many test games with Capablanca, and they rarely lasted more than twenty or twenty-five moves. We tried boards of 10x10 squares and 10x8 squares, and we concluded that the latter was preferable because hand-to-hand fights start earlier on it.

Lasker was one of the few supporters, and grandmaster Hungarian Geza Maroczy also played some games with Capablanca (who got the better of him). One of the few rational critics, British champion William Winter, thought that there were too many strong pieces, making the minor pieces less relevant.

The names for new pieces, Archbishop and Chancellor, were introduced by Capablanca himself. These names are still used in most modern variants of Capablanca Chess.

[edit] Variants that predate Capablanca Chess

Capablanca was not the first person (nor the last) to add the Chancellor and the Archbishop to the normal Chess set, though he is the most famous. Other attempts mostly differ only by the arrangement of pieces and the castling rules.

In 1617, Pietro Carrera published a book Il Gioco degli Scacchi, which contained a description of a chess variant played on 8x10 board. He placed new pieces between a rook and a knight. Chancellor was on the king's side and archbishop on the queen's side. Carrera used names champion instead of chancellor and centaur instead of archbishop. The game was largely forgotten after the death of the inventor.

In 1874, Henry Bird proposed a chess variant similar to Carrera's variant. The only significant difference was the opening setup. The chancellor was placed between the queen's bishop and queen and the archbishop was placed between the king's bishop and king. Bird used names guard instead of chancellor and equerry instead of archbishop.

Carrera Chess. Earliest chess variant on 8x10 board with archbishop and chancellor.

Bird's chess. Another predecessor of Capablanca chess.

[edit] Variants that postdate Capablanca Chess

Capablanca Chess has inspired a number of chess variants;

• Aberg's variation (2003) by Hans Aberg.
• Grotesque Chess (2004) by Fergus Duniho.
• Univers Chess (2006) by Fergus Duniho.
• Ladorean Chess (2005) by Bernhard U. Hermes.
• Embassy Chess (2005) by Kevin Hill.
• Gothic Chess (2002) by Ed Trice.
• Schoolbook Chess (2006) by Sam Trenholme.
• Paulovich's variation (2004) by David Paulovich.
• Modern Capablanca Random Chess (2008) by José Carrillo.

It is noteworthy that Embassy Chess uses a starting position identical to Grand Chess adapted to a 10x8 board.

Another interesting recent development is Capablanca Random Chess, invented in 2004 by Reinhard Scharnagl. This game combines ideas of Fischer Random Chess and Capablanca Chess. It also applies the sound principle which demands that in the starting position, all pawns are protected by at least one piece.

[edit] Variants which use a different board

There are also variants of Capablanca Chess that do not use the standard 10x8 board. Grand chess is a popular chess variant invented by Dutch game designer Christian Freeling in 1984. It uses Capablanca Chess pieces upon a larger, 10x10 board.

In 2007 Grandmaster Yasser Seirawan devised a variant (called Seirawan chess), which adds the two pieces to the standard game in a different manner. The player, after moving a piece (for example, a bishop) from the first rank, may immediately place either of the two pieces on the bishop's square. If the player moves all his eight officers without placing the Hawk or the Elephant (Seirawan's names for the Archbishop and the Chancellor, respectively), he forfeits his right to do so. Yasser Seirawan has given simultaneous exhibitions for the game.

[edit] See also

• ChessV - a program (licensed under the GPL) which plays Capablanca Chess and all of the other proposed 10x8 setups, as well as several other chess variants against the computer.
• SMIRF - a program which plays all 12,118 Capablanca Random Chess variants except Gothic Chess.

[edit] References

• D.B. Pritchard (1994). The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. ISBN 0-9524142-0-1.
• Edward Lasker (1959). The Adventure of Chess, ISBN 0-486-20510-X.

[edit] External links

• Capablanca Chess by Hans L. Bodlaender
• Capablanca Chess | material values of pieces
• select CRC analysis tool