Milk allergy
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Milk allergy is a food allergy immune adverse reaction to one or more of the proteins in cow's milk.
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[edit] Symptoms
The principal symptoms are gastrointestinal, dermatological and respiratory. These can translate to: skin rash, hives, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and distress. The clinical spectrum extends to diverse disorders: anaphylactic reactions, atopic dermatitis, wheeze, infantile colic, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), oesophagitis, allergic colitis and constipation.
The symptoms may occur within a few minutes after exposure in immediate reactions, or after hours (and in some cases after several days) in delayed reactions.
[edit] Difference between milk allergy and lactose intolerance
Milk allergy is a food allergy, an adverse immune reaction to a food protein that is normally harmless to the non-allergic individual. Lactose intolerance is a non-allergic food hypersensitivity, and comes from a lack of production of the enzyme lactase, required to digest the predominant sugar in milk. Lactose intolerance is not actually a disease or malady; indeed, 70% of the world's population is lactose-intolerant. Adverse effects of lactose intolerance occur at much higher milk consumption than adverse effects of milk allergy.
[edit] Difference from milk protein intolerance
Milk protein intolerance (MPI) is delayed reaction to a food protein that is normally harmless to the non-allergic, non-intolerant individual. Milk protein intolerance produces a non-IgE antibody and is not detected by allergy blood tests. Milk protein intolerance produces a range of symptoms very similar to milk allergy symptoms, but can also include blood and/or mucous in the stool. Treatment for milk protein intolerance is the same as for milk allergy. Milk protein intolerance is also referred to as milk soy protein intolerance (MSPI).
[edit] Treatment
Currently the only treatment for milk allergies is total avoidance of milk proteins. Products to be avoided by those with milk allergy include:
- milk
- yogurt
- butter
- cheese
- cream
Ingredients that also denote that food product contains dairy milk are:
- whey
- casein
- caseinate
- natural butter flavor.
- lactic acid
- natural or artificial flavors
- sodium caseinate
It is commonplace for milk or milk derivatives to be included in processed foods such as:
- bread
- crackers
- cookies
- cakes
- prepared meats
- "soy cheese"
- soups
- gravies
- potato chips
- margarine
- products labeled "non-dairy", such as whipped topping and creamer (non-dairy simply means less than 0.5% milk by weight[1])
Also, many processed foods that do not contain milk may be processed on equipment contaminated with dairy foods, which may cause an allergic reaction in some sensitive individuals.
Milk Avoidance and Replacement For Infants
Since milk protein may be transferred from a breastfeeding mother to an allergic infant, lactating mothers are given an elimination diet. For formula fed infants, milk substitute formulas are used to provide the infant with a complete source of nutrition. Milk substitutes include soy based formula, hypoallergenic formulas based on partially or extensively hydrolyzed protein (such as nutramigen, alimentum, and pregestemil) or free amino acids (such as neocate). Partially hydrolysates formula are characterised by a larger proportion of long chains (peptides) and are considered more palatable. However, they are intended for prophylactic use and are not considered suitable for treatment of milk allergy/intolerance. Extensively hydrolysed proteins comprise predominantly of free amino acids and short peptides. Casein and whey are the most commonly used sources of protein for hydrolysates because of their high nutritional quality and their amino acid composition. Non-milk derived amino acid-based formulas are suitable for the treatment of both mild-moderate and severe milk allergy, if allergic infants don’t respond to protein hydrolysate formulas. Soy based formula does have a risk of allergic sensitivity, as some infants who are allergic to milk may also be allergic to soy.
Milk Substitution for Children and Adults
There are many commercially available replacements for milk for children and adults - Rice milk, soy milk, oat milk and almond milk are also sometimes used as milk substitutes, but are not suitable nutrition for infants. Fruit juices supplemented with calcium which may provide an alternative for adults and children. If on an avoidance diet, it is important that dietary advice is taken as a replacement source of calcium may need to be found to prevent the longer term risk of calcium deficiency and osteoporosis.
Accidental Exposure Treatment for accidental ingestion of milk products by allergic individuals varies depending on the sensitivity of the allergic person. Frequently medications such as an Epinephrine pen or an Antihistamine such as Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) are prescribed by an allergist in case of accidental ingestion. Milk allergy can cause anaphylaxis, a severe, life threatening allergic reaction.
Like many food allergies milk allergy may be outgrown eventually by children, although a percentage of children do not outgrow their allergy. Milk allergy is more likely to be outgrown than peanut allergy.
[edit] Statistics
Milk allergy is the most common food allergy. It affects somewhere between 2% and 3% of infants in developed countries, but approximately 85-90% of children lose clinical reactivity to milk once they surpass 3 years of age.[2]
Between 13% and 20% of children allergic to milk are also allergic to beef.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ Go Dairy Free | Dairy Ingredient List
- ^ Host A. Frequency of cow's milk allergy in childhood. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89(6 Suppl 1):33-7. PMID 12487202.
- ^ Martelli, A, A. De Chiara et al (2002). "Beef allergy in children with cow's milk allergy; cow's milk allergy in children with beef allergy." Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002 Dec;89(6 Suppl 1):38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12487203&dopt=Abstract
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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The external links in this article may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. |
- Milk Allergy information page. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
- Eating without CaseinPractical guide to milk-free eating
- Milk Allergy More Persistent Disease
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