Military history of the Philippines

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Contents 1 Spanish Colonial Period 1.1 Battle of Mactan 1.2 Legazpi's conquest 1.3 Major revolts 1.4 Seven Years' War 2 Philippine Revolutionary period and American occupation 2.1 Philippine Revolution 2.2 Spanish-American War 2.3 Philippine-American War 3 World War I 4 World War II 4.1 Japanese invasion, 8 December 1941 - 8 May 1942 4.2 Japanese occupation, 8 May 1942 - 2 September 1945 4.3 Philippine campaigns, 1944-45 5 Post 1950s 5.1 Korean War 5.2 Vietnam War 5.3 Islamic insurgency in the Philippines 5.4 Communist insurgency in the Philippines 6 Armed Forces history 6.1 Katipunan 6.2 Philippine Department 6.3 Armed Forces of the Philippines 7 List of international peacekeeping and humanitarian missions 8 List of coups d'etat 9 List of treaties 10 List of awards 11 List of major battles 12 See also 13 References

[edit] Spanish Colonial Period

For more details, see Philippine revolts against Spain

[edit] Battle of Mactan

Main article: Battle of Mactan

The Battle of Mactan on April 21, 1521 is the earliest reported resistance of the natives in the Philippines against foreign invaders. Lapu-Lapu, a chieftain of Mactan Island, defeated Spanish colonizers led by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan. On April 27, 1521, warriors of Lapu-Lapu, a chieftain of Mactan, defeated and killed Magellan at the Battle of Mactan.

After Magellan landed on the island of Homonhon March 16, 1521, he parleyed with Rajah Calambu of Limasawa, who guided him to Cebu Island on April 7. Through Magellan's interpreter, Enrique, Rajah Humabon of Cebu became an ally. Suitably impressed by Magellan's 12 cannons and 50 cross-bows, Rajah Humabon suggested that Magellan project power to cow Lapu-Lapu of Mactan.

Magellan deployed 48 armored men, less than half his crew, with cross-bows and guns, but could not land on Mactan since the island has a coral shoreline and lacks anchorage suitable for Spanish galleons. His crew had to wade through the surf to make landing. Eight crewmen were killed. Antonio Pigafetta, a supernumerary on the voyage who later returned to Seville, Spain, records that Lapu-Lapu had at least 1500 warriors in the battle.

Magellan was wounded in the leg, while still in the surf. As the crew were retreating, they record that Magellan was surrounded by natives and killed.

[edit] Legazpi's conquest

• Sulayman Revolt
• Lakandula Revolt

[edit] Major revolts

• Sumuroy Revolt
• Dagohoy Revolt

[edit] Seven Years' War

• Battle of Manila (1762)
• Silang Revolt
  • Diego Silang
  • Gabriela Silang

[edit] Philippine Revolutionary period and American occupation

[edit] Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

The Philippine Revolution, the first against western colonial rule in Asia, was directed against Spain which had colonized the Philippines since 1565. The Revolution against Spain had two phases: the first from the declaration of defiance against Spanish rule on August 23, 1896 till the conclusion of a truce in December of 1897; the second from the return till the outbreak of the Filipino-American War in February of 1899.

After over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule characterized by unenlightened government, outright exploitation of the Indios (the term used to apply to the indigenous population of Filipinos), suppression of the mestizos and the insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines), belated and half-hearted attempts at reform, and on the part of the governed, countless sporadic and isolated revolts and other forms of resistance, the Philippine Revolution exploded on August 23, 1896, in the event that is commemorated as the "Cry of Pugadlawin." Located in the outskirts of Manila, there assembled on that day members of a secret revolutionary society known as the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Katipunan) -- Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People, founded in July 1892), led by its founder, Andres Bonifacio, and there tore up their cedulas (identification receipts issued for payment of taxes) as a symbol of their determination to take up arms against Spain.

The seeds of revolution were, in fact, sown earlier in the nineteenth century when Spain's enforced isolation of the Philippines was shattered with the opening of the country to foreign commerce and the resulting development of an export economy by non-Spanish foreign enterprises (British, American, Chinese). Revolutionary and liberal movements in Europe and elsewhere, in addition to the persistence of friar autocratic rule, brought winds of change in the political climate in the Philippines. The most important event which possibly made the Revolution inevitable was that of February 17, 1872, when three Filipino secular priests, leaders in the movement for the secularization (in effect, nationalization) of Philippine parishes, were executed publicly by garrote for their supposed complicity in a military mutiny at a Cavite arsenal on January 20, 1872. By linking them with the mutiny, the Spanish administration, with the instigation of Spanish friars, found a convenient way of doing away with the troublesome priests, considered by them as filibusteros (anyone who showed any radical tendencies) for demanding clerical equality with the Spanish friars.

The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the decades of the 1880s and the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda movement, conducted both in Spain and in the Philippines, for the purpose of "propagandising" Philippine conditions in the hopes that desired changes in the social, political and economic life of the Filipinos would come about through peaceful means. The propaganda movement failed to secure the desired reforms, especially the expulsion of the friars and their replacement by Filipino secular priests and equality before the law between Spaniards and Filipinos, largely because the Spanish friars used their power and resources to thwart the activities of the Filipino ilustrados (educated Filipinos who led the movement).

The revolutionary society, Katipunan, was established, on July 7, 1892, by Filipinos who had given up hope that the Spanish government would administer the affairs of Filipinos in the interests of its subjects—with justice and dignity. A secret association patterned after Freemasonry and the La Liga Filipina (a mutual-aid society founded by the ilustrado Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892), it recruited members in the suburbs of Manila and in the provinces of Central Luzon. By the time of the outbreak of the Revolution in August of 1896, membership in the Katipunan has soared to about 30,000, which included some women. The Revolution broke out prematurely on August 23, 1896 because of the untimely discovery by a Spanish friar, on August 19, of the existence of the revolutionary society. The immediate result of the outbreak of the Revolution was the institution of a reign of terror by the Spanish authorities in an attempt to frighten the population into submission. Hundreds suspected of joining the Katipunan and the Revolution were arrested and jailed; prominent Filipinos were shipped to exile to the Carolines or the Spanish penal colony in Africa (Fernando Po); and still others were executed, including Jose Rizal, who was executed by musketry on December 30, 1896. The Revolution spread from Manila and Cavite to Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija represented as the eight rays in the Philippine flag.

Andres Bonifacio led the Revolution in its early stages, although he did not excel in the field of battle. Internal rivalry led to the division of the ranks within the Katipunan organization and with the execution of Bonifacio in May of 1897 (charged with sedition and treason), leadership of the Revolution fell into the hands of another Katipunan member from Cavite, Emilio Aguinaldo, who distinguished himself in the battlefields in Cavite, at that time the heartland of the Revolution.

The first phase of the Revolution ended inconclusively, with both Filipino and Spanish forces unable to pursue hostilities to a successful conclusion. Consequently, between November 18 and December 15, a truce which resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities was concluded Biak-na-Bato between the two sides. Aguinaldo agreed to go on temporary exile to Hong Kong after the Spanish government compensated him and his revolutionary junta with a sum described in the agreement as "$800,000 (Mexican)" in three installments.^[1]. The truce failed as both sides entered the agreement in bad faith—neither was really willing to abandon hostilities but were biding time and resources to resume the armed conflict.^[2]

[edit] Spanish-American War

Main article: Spanish-American War

The first battle was in the sea near the Philippines where, on May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the United States Pacific fleet aboard the USS Olympia, in a matter of hours, defeated the Spanish squadron, under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, while sustaining only one casualty because of a heart attack at the Battle of Manila Bay.

Meanwhile, Dewey allowed Emilio Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines. Aguinaldo's forces attacked the Spanish on land, successfully defeating them, and ended with the Battle of Manila (July 25, 1898 - August 13, 1898) where the Spanish surrendered Manila, but the U.S. Army made a deal to protect them from Filipino persecution.

On June 12, 1898, the independence of the Philippines was declared, recognizing, approving, ratifying, and with all orders emanating from "the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo". (for details see Philippine Declaration of Independence). The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read the said declaration. The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons, among them an American army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The dictatorial government was replaced on June 23, 1898 by a revolutionary government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president, and the First Philippine Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899. The Spanish-American war, which was still ongoing at that time, was formally ended on December 10, 1898 by the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Spain. In that treaty, Spain ceded the Philippine Archipelago to the United States in return for a payment of $20,000,000.^[3] The United States then exercised sovereignty over the Philippines.

[edit] Philippine-American War

Main article: Philippine-American War

The Philippine-American War^[4] was a conflict between the United States of America and the First Philippine Republic from 1899 through at least 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.^[5]

[edit] World War I

The first Filipino soldier to die in World War I was Private Tomas Claudio who was serving with the US Marine Corps as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918.^[6][7] The Thomas Claudio Memorial College in Eastern Rizal, Philippines, which was founded in 1950, was named in his honor.^[8]

[edit] World War II

The first Filipino serviceman casualty was a military aviator serving in the Commonwealth Forces during the Second World War. First Officer Isidro Juan Paredes was killed in action in France on November 7, 1941 while serving with the U.K. Royal Air Force (RAF).^[9] His body was repatriated to the Philippines. Details of his death are registered at the Maindenhead Register of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, where his nationality is recorded as "United Kingdom".^[10] The Paredes Air Station in Ilocos Norte (in Northern Philippines) is named in his honor. The air station was the US Air Force's citadel in the 1960s.

Main article: Military history of the Philippines during World War II

WWII Veterans are members of the following:

• U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE)
• Philippine Scouts (PS)
• Philippine Commonwealth Army [[1]]
• Recognized Guerilla Units

[edit] Japanese invasion, 8 December 1941 - 8 May 1942

• Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)
  • Battle of Bataan
  • Battle of Corregidor

[edit] Japanese occupation, 8 May 1942 - 2 September 1945

Main article: Second Philippine Republic

• Jose P. Laurel
• Japanese atrocities
  • Bataan Death March
  • Comfort Women
• Hukbalahap

[edit] Philippine campaigns, 1944-45

• Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Battle for the Liberation of Manila

[edit] Post 1950s

[edit] Korean War

This section headed "Korean war" does not cite any references or sources. (January 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The Philippines joined the Korean War beginning August 1950. The Philippines sent an expeditionary force of 7,500 troops for combat operations. This was known as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces To Korea, or PEFTOK. It was the 4th largest force under United Nations Command. PEFTOK took part in decisive battles such as the Battle of Yultong. This expeditionary force was mostly attached to the United States 1st Cavalry Division, 3rd Infantry, 25th Infantry, and 45th Infantry.

[edit] Vietnam War

This section headed "Vietnam war" does not cite any references or sources. (January 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The Philippines were involved in the Vietnam War. The country sent a total of 1,450 soldiers for civil and medical operations. This force was known as the Philippine Civil Affairs Assistance Group or PHILCAAG.

[edit] Islamic insurgency in the Philippines

Late 1960s to present

• 2001 Mindanao "All-out" War
• Abu Sayyaf Conflict
  • The Burnham Hostage Crisis
  • The Maundy Thursday Rescue
  • Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines

[edit] Communist insurgency in the Philippines

Early 1950s to present

• Hukbalahap
• New People's Army

In the year 2006 President Arroyo ordered the military to end this conflict once and for all. ^{[11][not in citation given]}

[edit] Armed Forces history

[edit] Katipunan

This section headed "Katipunan" does not cite any references or sources. (January 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The Katipunan — full name Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation) (KKK) was an organization founded by Andrés Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata. Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK (not to be confused with the "Ku Klux Klan").

[edit] Philippine Department

This section headed "Philippine Department" does not cite any references or sources. (January 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, the United States Army had maintained a force in the Philippines. This force was composed mostly of native Filipinos and led by US officers, including a US general, Gen. Douglas MacArthur. This force was the Philippine Department. With the exception of the Philippine Constabulary, the region had no other forces.

[edit] Armed Forces of the Philippines

[edit] List of international peacekeeping and humanitarian missions

• UN Command in Korea (UNC), 1950-55
  • Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK)
• UN Operation in the Congo (ONUC, or l'Operation des Nations Unies au Congo, 1963
• Philippine Medical Mercy Mission to Indonesia, 1963
• Free World Assistance Program in Vietnam, 1964-70
  • Philippine Contingent, Vietnam (PHILCONV)
  • Philippine Civic Action Group, Republic of Vietnam, I (First PHILCAGV)
  • Philippine Civic Action Group, Republic of Vietnam (Second PHILCAGV)
  • Philippine Contingent, Vietnam (PHILCAGV rear party)
• UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (UNGCI), 1991-92
  • First Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-1)
  • Second Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-2)
  • Third Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-3)
  • Fourth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-4)
  • Fifth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-5, -5A, -5B, -5C)
  • Sixth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-6A, -6B, -6C, -6D)
  • Seventh Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-7A, -7B)
  • Eighth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-8A, -8B)
  • Ninth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-9A, -9B, -9C)
  • Tenth Philippine-UN Guards Contingent in Iraq (PUNGCI-10A)
• UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 1992-93
  • Republic of the Philippines Contingent to UNTAC (RP-UNTAC)
• International Force East Timor, 1999
  • Philippine Humanitarian Support for East Timor (PhilHSMET)
• UN Transitional Administration in East Timor, 1999
• Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Aceh Monitoring Movement (HAMM), 2002-03
  • AFP Contingent to the HAMM International Monitoring Team
• UN Mission of Support in East Timor, 2002
• Philippine Humanitarian Contingent to Iraq, 2003-04
• UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 2004-present
  • First Philippine Contingent to Liberia (1PCL)
  • Second Philippine Contingent to Liberia (2PCL)
  • Third Philippine Contingent to Liberia (3PCL)
  • Fourth Philippine Contingent to Liberia (4PCL)
  • Fifth Philippine Contingent to Liberia (5PCL)
  • Sixth Philippine Contingent to Liberia (6PCL)
  • Seventh Philippine Contingent to Liberia (7PCL)
  • Eighth Philippine Contingent to Liberia (8PCL)
  • Ninth Philippine Contingent to Liberia (9PCL)
• UN Mission in Burundi (ONUB, or l'Operation des Nations Unies au Burundi), 2004-06
• UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, or l'Operation des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation en Haiti), 2004-present
  • First Philippine Contingent to Haiti (1PCH)
  • Second Philippine Contingent to Haiti (2PCH)
  • Third Philippine Contingent to Haiti (3PCH)
  • Fourth Philippine Contingent to Haiti (4PCH)
  • Fifth Philippine Contingent to Haiti (5PCH)
  • Sixth Philippine Contingent to Haiti (6PCH)
  • Seventh Philippine Contingent to Haiti (7PCH)
• UN Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL), 2005-06
• Aceh Monitoring Mission, 2005-06
• UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), 2005-present
• UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (ONUCI, or l'Operation des Nations Unies en Cote d'Ivoire), 2005-present
• UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), 2006-present

(Source: AFP Peacekeeping Operation Center)

[edit] List of coups d'etat

• Honasan Coup d'états-(1987, 1989)
• On December 1, 1989, Air Force officers had joined an anti-government revolt, which threatened to destabilize the nation. Faced with a difficult choice, then Major Danilo Atienza, Squadron Commander of the 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron(now unmanned), 5th Fighter Wing (now Air Defense Wing), Fightertown, Basa Air Base equipped with F-5 aircraft, placed his loyalty to the national security of the Philippines and turned his F-5 fighter aircraft against the rebels who established a stronghold at Sangley Field. In bombing and strafing runs, amid heavy rebel ground fire, he and two other fighter pilots - 1st Lieutenants Ariel Quijano and Antonio Arturo Avaricio destroyed one Sikorsky helicopter, seven T-28s and a fuel depot, depriving the rebel soldiers of air power. The gallant feat helped turn the tide of battle in the government's favor. Major Danilo S Atienza was killed in action that day. In return, a grateful nation-led by President Corazon C. Aquino and the Armed Forces found him deserving of a Filipino warrior's highest award: the Medal of Valor. On May 5, 1992, by an act of Congress, the airfield at Sangley Point Naval and Air Training Station on which Major Danilo S. Atienza shed his blood was named after him. For their heroic action that day, 1st Lieutenants Quijano and Avaricio were awarded Distinguished Conduct Stars, the second highest military award for heroism.

(Source: www.paf.mil.ph with additional information provided by the Officers and Men of the 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 5th Fighter Wing, Philippine Air Force)

• Ended with the final surrender of Scout Rangers in Makati
• Coups against Gloria Arroyo
  • Oakwood Mutiny -The Oakwood Mutiny refers to a short-lived event which occurred in 27 July 2003 when members of the Philippine Marine Corps and Army took hold of the Glorietta Mall and the Oakwood Premier Condominium in Makati City. See Oakwood Mutiny
  • 2006 state of emergency in the Philippines
  • Manila Peninsula Mutiny

[edit] List of treaties

• Treaty of Paris (1763) (minor role)
• Treaty of Paris (1898)
• The National Defense Act of 1935 - In 1935 The National Defense Act of 1935 was enacted. President-elect Manuel L. Quezon convinced Chief of Staff of the United States Army General Douglas MacArthur to act as the military adviser to the Commonwealth of the Philippines. MacArthur was given the title "Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government" and tasked with establishing a system of national defense, for the Philippines, by 1946. For a time, MacArthur would also act as the Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (dissolved)
• Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America (1951)
• RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
  • BALIKATAN - "Shoulder to Shoulder" Joint US-Philippines Military Exercises

[edit] List of awards

• Philippine Legion of Honor
• Philippine Medal of Valor
• Philippine Distinguished Service Cross
• Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal
• WWII Victory Medal
• Philippine Liberation Medal
• Philippine Defense Medal
• Philippine Independence Medal
• Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

[edit] List of major battles

• Battle of Manila
• Battle of Bataan
• Battle of Mactan
• Battle of Corregidor
• Battle of Luzon
• Battle of Leyte
• Battle of Tirad Pass
• Battle of Pulang Lupa
• Balangiga Massacre

[edit] See also

• Military History of the Philippines during World War II
• Philippine Air Force
• Philippine Army
• Philippine Constabulary
• Philippine Navy
• Presidential Security Group / Presidential Security Command - [[2]]
• Joint United States Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) - [[3]]
• History of the Philippines
• Filipino Special Forces
• General Alfredo M. Santos - The First Four-star general of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1963)

[edit] References

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