Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub

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A Mediterranean forest.

A Mediterranean forest, the Upper Galilee

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub is a temperate biome, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild and rainy winters. Nearly all of the rainfall occurs in the winter and spring rainy season.

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub eco-regions occur in the world's five Mediterranean climate zones, on the west coast of continents in the mid-latitudes: the Mediterranean Basin, California, Central Chile, Southwest Australia, and the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

These regions are home to a tremendous diversity of habitats and species. Vegetation types can range from forests to woodlands, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands; "mosaic" landscapes are common, where differing vegetation types are interleaved with one another in complex patterns created by variations in soil, topography, exposure to wind and sun, and fire history. The five Mediterranean-climate regions of the world occupy less than 5% of the earth's surface yet harbor about 48,250 known vascular plant species, almost 20% of the world total. They also have exceptionally high numbers of rare and locally endemic plants, and include some recognized species flocks (clusters of numerous closely-related species), especially in Southwest Australia and the Cape Province.

Much of the woody vegetation in Mediterranean-climate regions is sclerophyll, which means 'hard-leaved' in Greek. Sclerophyll vegetation generally has small, dark leaves covered with a waxy outer layer to retain moisture in the dry summer months.

Major plant communities in this biome include:

Forest: Mediterranean forests are generally composed of broadleaf evergreen trees, such as the oak and mixed sclerophyll forests of California and the Mediterranean region, the Eucalyptus forests of Southwest Australia, and the Nothofagus forests of central Chile. Forests are often found in riparian areas, where they receive more summer water. Coniferous forests also occur.
Woodland: Oak woodlands are characteristic of the Mediterranean Basin and in California, along with pine woodlands and, in California, walnut woodlands.
Savanna and grassland: The California Central Valley grasslands are the largest Mediterranean grassland eco-region, although these grasslands have mostly been converted to agriculture.
Shrubland: Shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and small trees, called chaparral (California), matorral (Chile and southern Spain), maquis (France and elsewhere around the Mediterranean), macchia (Italy), fynbos (South Africa), or kwongan (Southwest Australia). In some places shrublands are the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or overgrazing, or disturbance by major fires.
Scrubland: Scrublands are most common near the seacoast, and are often adapted to wind and salt air off the ocean. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean are known as garrigue in France, gariga in Italy, phrygana in Greece, tomillares in Spain, and batha in Israel. Northern coastal scrub and coastal sage scrub, also known as soft chaparral, occur near the California coast; strandveld in the Western Cape of South Africa; coastal matorral in the central Chile, and sand-heath and kwongan in Southwest Australia.

Scrubland in Aliso Canyon, Santa Susana Mountains, California.

Fire, both natural and human-caused, has played a large role in shaping the ecology of Mediterranean eco-regions. The hot, dry summers make much of the region prone to fires, and lightning-caused fires occur with some frequency. Many of the plants are pyrophytes, or fire-loving, adapted or even depending on fire for reproduction, recycling of nutrients, and the removal of dead or senescent vegetation. In both the Australian and Californian Mediterranean-climate eco-regions, native peoples used fire extensively to clear brush and trees, making way for the grasses and herbaceous vegetation that supported game animals and useful plants. The plant communities in these areas adapted to the frequent human-caused fires, and pyrophyte species grew more common and more fire-loving, while plants that were poorly adapted to fire retreated. After European colonization of these regions, fires were suppressed, which has caused some unintended consequences in these ecoregions; fuel builds up, so that when fires do come they are much more devastating, and some species dependent on fire for their reproduction are now threatened. The European shrublands have also been shaped by anthropogenic fire, historically associated with transhumance herding of sheep and goats.

Mediterranean eco-regions are semi-arid, and often have poor soils, so they are vulnerable to degradation by human activities such as logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species. These regions are also some of the most endangered on the planet, and many eco-regions have suffered tremendous degradation and habitat loss through logging, overgrazing, conversion to agriculture, urbanization, and introduction of exotic species. The eco-regions around the Mediterranean basin have been particularly affected by degradation due to human activity, suffering extensive loss of forests and soil erosion, and many native plants and animals have become extinct or endangered.

[edit] Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub ecoregions

Afrotropic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub v • d • e
Albany thickets	South Africa
Lowland fynbos and renosterveld	South Africa
Montane fynbos and renosterveld	South Africa

Australasia Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub v • d • e
Coolgardie woodlands	Australia
Esperance mallee	Australia
Eyre and York mallee	Australia
Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands	Australia
Kwongan heathlands	Australia
Mount Lofty woodlands	Australia
Murray-Darling woodlands and mallee	Australia
Naracoorte woodlands	Australia
Southwest Australia savanna	Australia
Southwest Australia woodlands	Australia

Nearctic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub v • d • e
California coastal sage and chaparral	Mexico, United States
California interior chaparral and woodlands	United States
California montane chaparral and woodlands	United States

Neotropic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub v • d • e
Chilean Matorral	Chile

Palearctic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub v • d • e
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests	Greece, Macedonia, Turkey
Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests	Turkey
Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests	Spain
Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests	France
Crete Mediterranean forests	Greece
Cyprus Mediterranean forests	Cyprus
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests	Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey
Iberian conifer forests	Spain
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests	Portugal, Spain
Illyrian deciduous forests	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Slovenia
Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests	France, Italy
Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets	Morocco, Canary Islands (Spain)
Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe	Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Mediterranean woodlands and forests	Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests	France, Monaco, Spain
Northwest Iberian montane forests	Portugal, Spain
Pindus Mountains mixed forests	Albania, Greece, Macedonia
South Appenine mixed montane forests	Italy
Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands	Spain
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests	Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests	Spain
Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests	France, Italy, Malta