Maus
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| Maus | |
 Cover of Maus Hardcover #1 |
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| Publisher | Pantheon Books |
|---|---|
| Format | limited series graphic novel |
| Publication date | 1973 to 1991 |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | Art Spiegelman |
| Artist(s) | Art Spiegelman |
Maus: A Survivor's Tale is a memoir by Art Spiegelman, presented as a graphic novel. It recounts the struggle of Spiegelman's father to survive the Holocaust as a Polish Jew and draws largely on his father's recollections of his experiences. The book also follows the author's troubled relationship with his father and the way the effects of war reverberate through generations of a family. In 1992 it won a Pulitzer Prize Special Award. All people are presented as anthropomorphic animals (for example, all Jews are depicted as mice, hence the name Maus which is German for "mouse"). The New York Times described the selection of Maus for the honor: "The Pulitzer board members ... found the cartoonist's depiction of Nazi Germany hard to classify."[1]
Contents |
[edit] Overview
The book alternates the stories told by Spiegelman's father Vladek Spiegelman about life in Poland before and during the Second World War with the contemporary life of Art, Vladek and their loved ones in the Rego Park neighborhood of New York City. The book recounts the struggle of Vladek Spiegelman living with his family in Radomsko, Częstochowa, Sosnowiec and Bielsko in the late 1930s and his tragic odyssey during the war which ultimately led him to Auschwitz as prisoner 175113.
The book has a satirical feel about it since the characters are all presented as various types of anthropomorphic animals, according to nationality or race.
Throughout the book, Art Spiegelman confronts his complex and often conflicted relationship with his father. For example, Vladek exhibits racial prejudice against blacks despite his own experiences of anti-Semitism. He is also presented as stingy and a person who makes life very difficult for those around him, including his first wife Anja (Art's mother, who committed suicide) and his second wife Mala, both concentration camp survivors. The personality of the present day Vladek seems quite different from that of the man in the concentration camps, where he was resourceful and compassionate.
[edit] Themes
The author's articulation of the Holocaust is the main theme of the two graphic novels, giving the book a metabiographical aspect. Spiegelman often mentions the apprehension he feels in trying to express the inexpressible. The novel depicts the Holocaust through the perspectives of a survivor and of those who did not experience it directly, but are deeply connected to it nonetheless.
[edit] Animals used
- The Jews are represented by mice.
- The Germans are represented by cats.
- The Americans are represented by dogs.
- The Poles are represented by pigs.
- The Roma (Gypsies) are represented as gypsy moths. (found on page 133 of Maus II)
- The French are represented by frogs.
- The Swedes are represented by reindeer.
- The British are represented by fish. (found on page 131 of Maus II)
- The child of a Jew and a German is shown as a mouse with cat stripes. (found on page 131 of Maus II)
- In the background of page 35 of Maus I, there are rabbits which are unspecified as a group.
The animals are symbolic of the different nationalities and races for a number of reasons:[2]:
- The Jews, as mice, can be seen as weak and helpless victims, as well as satirizing the Nazi portrayal of Jews as vermin. Too, this may symbolize the resourcefulness many Jews exhibited during the Holocaust and the inability of the Nazis to completely wipe out such a species.
- After the comic was released in Poland many Poles found it very offensive to be represented by pigs. However, there are many Polish characters who are portrayed sympathetically or positively such as the Spiegelmans' governess or Mrs. Motonowa who hides Vladek and Anja at great personal risk. Spiegelman explained that he chose pigs in good faith because of their resemblance to famous American cartoon characters like Miss Piggy and Porky Pig. The choice may also reflect the traditional agricultural Polish way of life.[3][4]
- The French being frogs would appear to be a direct reference to an oft-used nickname, itself a lampoon of the fact that the French are supposedly renowned for eating frogs: it is also, however, suggested that Spiegelman wanted a certain amount of sliminess about the French, as he says to his (French) wife: "Bunnies are too innocent for the French... Think of the years of anti-Semitism."
With the exception of the Americans (dogs), the animal characters are all drawn alike. For instance, most of the Jewish mice resemble each other regardless of sex or age. Clothing and other details are used in order to tell them apart: Spiegelman himself, for instance, is always wearing a white shirt and a black sleeveless overshirt; his French wife, Françoise (herself portrayed as a mouse, because she converted to Judaism), wears a striped t-shirt. While wandering the streets of their Nazi-occupied town, the Jews wear pig masks in order to show the trouble they went through to pass off as non-Jewish Poles.
The use of animals in the graphic novel may seem incongruous, but instead of creating social stereotypes, Spiegelman attempts to lampoon them and show how stupid it is to classify a human being based on nationality or ethnicity.[5] His images are not his: they were "borrowed from the Germans... Ultimately what the book is about is the commonality of human beings. It's crazy to divide things down along nationalistic or racial or religious lines... These metaphors, which are meant to self-destruct in my book - and I think they do self-destruct - still have a residual force and still get people worked up over them."
The use of animals may also be used in order to detach the reader from real life. This may have been done to appeal to a younger generation of readers, yet still telling a story of survival and death during the holocaust. But instead of fully detaching the reader from the book, he shows a human aspect by illustrating how his father tells his story and by showing the emotions and relationships of the characters throughout.[5]
[edit] Publication
Maus was originally published as a three-page strip for Funny Aminals(cq), an underground comic published by Apex Novelties in 1972. In 1977, Spiegelman decided to lengthen the work,[6] publishing most of the work serially in RAW magazine, a publication Spiegelman co-edited along with his wife Françoise Mouly. It was then published in its final form in two parts (Volume I: "My Father Bleeds History" and Volume II: "And Here My Troubles Began"), before eventually being integrated into a single volume. A CD-ROM edition also exists.
[edit] Impact
Since its publication, Maus has been the subject of numerous essays. Deborah R. Geis published a collection of essays involving Maus titled Considering Maus: Approaches to Art Spiegelman's "Survivor's Tale" of the Holocaust, which received criticism in an Image & Narrative essay for, among other things, excluding several essays praising and even the rare essay critiquing the graphic novel.[7]
Alan Moore praised Maus in a recommendations list for the website http://www.readyourselfraw.com, saying "I have been convinced that Art Spiegelman is perhaps the single most important comic creator working within the field and in my opinion Maus represents his most accomplished work to date…"[8]
Maus has also been studied in schools.[9] It is used both in courses dedicated to the study of modern English literature and Jewish culture.
[edit] Awards and nominations
[edit] Awards
- 1988 Angoulême International Comics Festival Awards - Religious Award: Christian Testimony & Prize for Best Comic Book: Foreign Comic Award (Maus: un survivant raconte).
- 1988 Urhunden Prize - Foreign Album (Maus).
- 1990 Max & Moritz Prizes - Special Prize (Maus).
- 1992 Pulitzer Prize - Special Awards and Citations - Letters (Maus). [1]
- 1992 Eisner Award - Best Graphic Album: Reprint (Maus II).
- 1992 Harvey Award - Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Work (Maus II). [2]
- 1993 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction (Maus II, A Survivor's Tale). [3]
- 1993 Angoulême International Comics Festival Awards - Prize for Best Comic Book: Foreign comic (Maus: un survivant raconte, part II).
- 1993 Urhunden Prize - Foreign Album (Maus II).
[edit] Nominations
- 1986 National Book Critics Circle Award
- 1992 National Book Critics Circle Award
[edit] Editions
- ISBN 0-394-74723-2, Volume One (paperback)
- ISBN 0-394-54155-3, Volume One (hardcover)
- ISBN 0-679-72977-1, Volume Two (paperback)
- ISBN 0-394-55655-0, Volume Two (hardcover)
- ISBN 0-679-41038-4, Hardcover set (both volumes in two books)
- ISBN 0-679-74840-7, Paperback boxed set
- ISBN 0-14-101408-3, Paperback containing both volumes in one book
- ISBN 0-679-40641-7, Hardcover containing both volumes in one book
[edit] Notes
- ^ Stanley, Alessandra. "'Thousand Acres' Wins Fiction As 21 Pulitzer Prizes Are Given", New York Times, April 8, 1992.
- ^ , Ian Johnston, On Spiegelman's Maus I and II
- ^ Krzysztof Masłoń, Goebbels' Tradition in the Comic Book
- ^ Prof. Marcuse, sample journal entries, Laura Byrne, journal entries for UCSB Hist 133D, Fall 2001 "Maus and the “Gray Zone”
- ^ a b Wally Hastings, Art Spiegelman's Maus
- ^ Art Spiegelman (http). Witness & Legacy - Contemporary Art about the holocaust:. Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- ^ Ole Frahm, Review of Considering MAUS
- ^ RAW: "recommended by Alan Moore"
- ^ Teaching Resources for Art Spiegelman's Maus: A Survivor's Tale
[edit] References
- Art Spiegelman (http). Witness & Legacy - Contemporary Art about the Holocaust:. Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- Allen, Sara (1997). MAUS: A Narrative History of Family and Tragedy (http). Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
- Feinstein, Stephen C.. Witness and Legacy (http). Witness & Legacy - Contemporary Art about the Holocaust:. Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- McQuade, Donald (2003). Embodying Identity (pdf). Seeing & Writing 2. Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- Masłoń, Krzysztof. Goebbels' Tradition in the Comic Book (http). Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- Maus (http). National Museum of American Jewish History (1996). Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
- Dooley, Michael (2005). The Unsinkable Denis Kitchen (http). AIGA Journal of Design. Retrieved on February 14, 2006.
[edit] External links
- Teacher's guide at Random House
- Reconstructivist Art: Maus
- Questions and Resources for Art Spiegelman's Maus college study guide with archived articles
- Art Spiegelman's MAUS: Working Through the Trauma of the Holocaust. In Responses to the Holocaust, U. Virginia
- The Shoah goes on and on: remembrance and representation in Art Spiegelman's 'Maus.'
