Manuel Fraga Iribarne
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Manuel Fraga Iribarne (born November 23, 1922) is a Spanish politician from the northwest region of Galicia. Fraga's career as one of the key political figures in Spain straddles both General Franco's dictatorial regime and the subsequent democracy. He was the President of Galicia from 1990 to 2005 and is currently a Senator. He is one of the few Honoris Causa Doctors of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon.
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[edit] Under "Generalisimo" Franco's dictatorship
Fraga was born in Vilalba, Galicia. Trained in law, economics and political science, he began his political career in 1945, during Francisco Franco's authoritarian dictatorship.
Between 1962 and 1969 he served as Minister for Information and Tourism, and played a major role in the revitalization of Spanish tourist industry, leading a campaign under the slogan Spain is different!. In 1966 he dispelled fears of a nuclear accident after the Palomares hydrogen bombs incident by swimming in the contaminated water with the American ambassador. He also introduced an a posteriori censorship law, which was based in the removal of pre-publication censorship and a reduction in its strictness. Its sexual liberality was popularly summarized as Con Fraga hasta la braga[1][2] ("With Fraga [you can see] even the panties"). Former leader of the Argentine Triple A death squad Rodolfo Almirón became his chief of personal security after his exile to Spain in 1975. Almirón, who was present during the 1976 Montejurra massacre, was dismissed by Manuel Fraga in 1983 after it became known, because of public indignation.[3].
[edit] The First Government of the Monarchy
After a brief period as Spain's ambassador in the United Kingdom, which ended with Franco's death (1975), Manuel Fraga was appointed vice president and Interior Minister (Ministro de Gobernación) in 1976, under Carlos Arias Navarro's government, the first with Juan Carlos I as chief of state. Until that moment, Fraga was known as a heavy-handed politician, though also seen as one of the reformers seeking a liberalisation from within the regime, but the drastic measures he took as chief of state security during the first days of the Spanish transition to democracy deeply damaged his popularity. The phrase "¡La calle es mía!" ("The streets are mine!") was attributed to him. This phrase was his answer to complaints of police repression of street protests. He claimed that the streets did not belong to "people" but to the State.
[edit] Alianza Popular
Fraga was one of the writers of the new Spanish constitution approved in 1978. Along with other former members of Franco's regime, he soon founded a right-wing party called People's Alliance (Alianza Popular - AP), led by Fraga himself as its president. The party was ignored in its first years, but after the 1982 crisis and breakup of the Democratic Center Union, the moderate-conservative party which had won the first two democratic presidential elections, AP became the second party in Spain, and Fraga was considered Leader of the Opposition to the Socialist government. Nevertheless, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party was enjoying great popularity and an absolute majority winning strike (in the 1982, 1986, and 1989 elections), as AP and its president were generally viewed as too reactionary to be an alternative. Following this critical development, Fraga resigned the presidency of the party in 1986.
[edit] Partido Popular
Fraga came back in charge in 1989, determined to stop AP's crisis. With the addition of several lesser Christian democratic parties and the remnants of the Democratic Center Union, he refounded the People's Alliance as the People's Party (Partido Popular - PP). Later in the same year, Fraga encouraged the election of José María Aznar as the party's new president. Fraga was then appointed as honorary president of the PP.
[edit] President of Galicia
Manuel Fraga returned to his Galician homeland in 1990, winning that year's presidential election by a landslide, as head of the People's Party in Galicia (PPdeG). He remained in charge for almost 15 years until the PPdeG lost its overall majority in the Galician election of 2005. Fraga saw his credibility damaged in late 2002, when an oil tanker ship called Prestige sank near the Galician coast causing a massive oil spill that affected the shoreline in the northwest of the region. Fraga was said to be slow to react and unable, or even unwilling, to handle the situation. In 2004, a power struggle between factions of PPdeG further hurt the party's image. Subsequently, in the autonomous elections of 2005, Fraga and the PPdeG lost their absolute majority in the Parliament of Galicia, and despite obtaining elections with a 45% plurality, a left government coalition between the PSdeG and the BNG was formed with socialist Emilio Pérez Touriño as the new president. Fraga remains in the political scene out of Galicia, as member of the Senate representing the Parliament of Galicia. Alberto Núñez Feijóo, a member of the Galician Popular Party, has been the PPdG head since late 2005.
Fraga was again chosen as a Senator by the Parliament of Galicia in 2008.
[edit] Overview
Fraga was one of the writers of the democratic constitution and spent part of his political career lessening the censorship law during dictatorship. However he has openly admitted admiration for General Franco and the regime in public, on several different occasions. He is renowned for his temper tantrums in public at not being referred to or addressed as Don Manuel. He most famously shouted during a television interview, completely unaware the camera was filming and the show was being broadcast live on air. Manuel Fraga Iribarne was probably one of the most important and yet controversial politicians in modern Spain. During a talk he gave at Granada university in Summer 2004, he was cursed and ridiculed by a majority of the students who cried out "Francoist!" and "Murderer!". However there were some students who cheered and applauded Fraga followed by the fascist salute and the singing of the hymn Cara al sol. Despite their political differences, he maintains a friendship with Fidel Castro, himself of Galician descent.
To his supporters, Fraga was a Galician hero who throughout his rule, modernised Galicia and built up a fair level of tourism to the region. He built roads and motorways and in 2000, he approved the Galician Plan to build Spain's first high speed bullet train. However to his opponents he was an authoritarian relic of the Franco era who failed to lift Galicia and its people out of poverty and unemployment.
[edit] References
- ^ Note to Estudios sobre Buero Vallejo, ed. Mariano de Paco, Alicante : Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2000.
- ^ Jaime Campmany attributes the doggerel to César González-Ruano. La falda de Marilyn, ABC, 31 August 2002.
- ^ Detienen en Valencia al ex dirigente de la Triple A argentina Almirón Sena, El Mundo, December 28, 2006 (Spanish)
[edit] See also
- Rodolfo Almirón, former leader of the Argentine Triple A and chief of Manuel Fraga's personal security
- Carmen Fraga Estévez, daughter and EU official.
[edit] External links
- PPdeG's official website for the 2005 elections (in Galician)
- Biography of Manuel Fraga (in English)
| Preceded by Fernando Ignacio González Laxe |
President of Galicia 1990–2005 |
Succeeded by Emilio Perez Touriño |
| Preceded by Antonio Hernandez Mancha |
Chairman of the Popular Party (Spain) 1989–1990 |
Succeeded by Jose Maria Aznar |
| Preceded by Party Founder |
Chairman of the Popular Alliance 1979–1987 |
Succeeded by Antonio Hernandez Mancha |
| Preceded by Jose Garcia Hernandez |
Spanish Minister of the Interior 1975–1976 |
Succeeded by Rodolfo Martin Villa |
| Preceded by Gabriel Arias-Salgado |
Spanish Minister of Information and Tourism 1962–1969 |
Succeeded by Alfredo Sánchez Bella |
