Lymphoma

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Lymphoma Classification and external resources
Gastric MALT lymphoma
ICD-10	C 81.-C 96.
ICD-O:	9590-9999
MeSH	D008223

This article is about lymphoma in humans. For the disease in dogs, cats, and ferrets, see lymphoma in animals.

Lymphoma is a type of solid neoplasm that originates in lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system). This is in contrast to lymphoid leukemia, which is a malignancy of circulating cells.^[1]

There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.

In the 19th and 20th centuries the affliction was called Hodgkin's Disease, as it was discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. Colloquially, lymphoma is broadly categorized as Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all other types of lymphoma). Scientific classification of the types of lymphoma is more detailed.

Although older classifications referred to histiocytic lymphomas, these are recognized in newer classifications as of B, T or NK cell lineage. Histiocytic malignancies are rare and are classified as sarcomas.^[2]

[edit] Prevalence

According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, lymphomas account for about five percent of all cases of cancer in the United States, and Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular accounts for less than one percent of all cases of cancer in the United States.

Because the whole system is part of the body's immune system, patients with a weakened immune system, such as from HIV infection or from certain drugs or medication, also have a higher incidence of lymphoma.

[edit] Classification

[edit] WHO classification

The WHO Classification, published in 2001^[2], is the latest classification of lymphoma and is based on the "Revised European-American Lymphoma classification" (REAL).

This system attempts to group lymphomas by cell type, i.e., the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor. There are three large groups: the B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell tumors. Other less common groups, including Hodgkin lymphoma, are also recognized. (ICD-O codes are provided where available.)

[edit] Mature B cell neoplasms

DNA-microarray analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showing differences in gene expression patterns. Colors indicate levels of expression; green indicates genes that are overexpressed in normal cells compared to lymphoma cells and red indicates genes that are overexpressed in lymphoma cells compared to normal cells.

- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/Small lymphocytic lymphoma
- B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
- Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia)
- Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
- Plasma cell neoplasms
  - Plasma cell myeloma
  - Plasmacytoma
  - Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases
  - Heavy chain diseases
- Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, also called MALT lymphoma
- Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL)
- Follicular lymphoma
- Mantle cell lymphoma
- Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
- Mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma
- Intravascular large B cell lymphoma
- Primary effusion lymphoma
- Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia

[edit] Mature T cell and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms

- T cell prolymphocytic leukemia
- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
- Aggressive NK cell leukemia
- Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
- Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type
- Enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma
- Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma
- Blastic NK cell lymphoma
- Mycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome
- Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders
  - Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
  - Lymphomatoid papulosis
- Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
- Peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

[edit] Hodgkin lymphoma

- Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
- Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
  - Nodular sclerosis
  - Mixed cellularity
  - Lymphocyte-rich
  - Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted

[edit] Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders

- Associated with a primary immune disorder
- Associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Post-transplant
- Associated with Methotrexate therapy

[edit] Working formulation

The Working Formulation, published in 1982, is primarily descriptive. It is still occasionally used, but has been superseded by the WHO classification, above.

[edit] Low grade

Malignant Lymphoma, small lymphocytic (chronic lymphocytic leukemia)
Malignant Lymphoma, follicular, predominantly small cleaved cell
Malignant Lymphoma, follicular, mixed (small cleaved and large cell)

[edit] Intermediate grade

Follicular Large Cell
Diffuse small cleaved cell
Diffuse mixed small and large cell
Diffuse large cell

[edit] High grade

Malignant Lymphoma, large cell, immunoblastic
Malignant Lymphoma, lymphoblastic
Malignant Lymphoma, small non-cleaved cells (Burkitt's lymphoma)

[edit] Miscellaneous

[edit] Other classification systems

ICD-O (codes 9590-9999, details at [1]) (archive link, was dead)
ICD-10 (codes C81-C96, details at [2])

[edit] Diagnosis, etiology, staging, prognosis, and treatment

See separate links to Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

[edit] Genetics

Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is environmentally induced as a result of the consumption of Triticeae glutens. In gluten sensitive individuals with EATL 68% are homozygotes of the DQB1*02 subtype at the HLA-DQB1 locus (serotype DQ2).^[3] (See Coeliac Disease, HLA-DQ, HLA DR3-DQ2)

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. New York: Garland Science, 414. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1.
^ ^a ^b Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6.
^ Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ (2007). "Survival in Refractory Coeliac Disease and Enteropathy associated T cell Lymphoma: Retrospective evaluation of single centre experience": 1373. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114512. PMID 17470479.

[edit] External links

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Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links.

[edit] Information

MedlinePlus: Lymphoma
ICD10 classification of lymphoma
About Lymphoma: A guide to lymphoma for patients
Lymphomas in Children and Adolescents From the Centre for Cancer and Blood Disorders at Sydney Children's Hospital
Summary at NIH/National Cancer Institute
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Symptoms & Support Information

[edit] Charities

[edit] Statistics

US Lymphoma Fact Sheet from the American Cancer Society
UK Hodgkin Lymphoma Statistics
UK Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Statistics
About Lymphomas - Patients Against Lymphoma
Timeline of discovery and treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
National Cancer Institute. "Risk of Lymphoma Increases with Hepatitis C Virus Infection", May 2007.

v • d • e Pathology: hematology, hematologic disease (primarily D50-D77, 280-289)

RBCs/anemia/ hemoglobinopathy (Myeloid)	nutritional anemia: Iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia) hereditary hemolytic anemia: enzyme disorders (G6PD Deficiency, Pyruvate kinase deficiency,Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency), Thalassemia, Sickle-cell disease/trait, Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary stomatocytosis acquired hemolytic anemia: Autoimmune (Warm), HUS, MAHA, PNH, PCH aplastic anemia: Acquired PRCA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia • Sideroblastic anemia Polycythemia - Methemoglobinemia

Coagulation/platelets (Myeloid)	coagulopathy: DIC (Congenital afibrinogenemia, Purpura fulminans) • Hemophilia (A/VII, B/IX, C/XI, XIII) • Von Willebrand disease • Hypoprothrombinemia Purpura: Henoch-Schönlein, ITP (Evans syndrome), TTP primary hypercoagulable state: Protein C deficiency - Protein S deficiency - Antithrombin III deficiency - Factor V Leiden - Activated protein C resistance - Antiphospholipid syndrome other hemorrhagic conditions: Bernard-Soulier syndrome - Glanzmann's thrombasthenia - Grey platelet syndrome - May Hegglin anomaly - Pelger-Huet anomaly Essential thrombocytosis - Thrombocytopenia

Monocytes/Macrophages (Myeloid)	WHO-I histiocytosis (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) WHO-II/non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) WHO-III/malignant histiocytic disorders (Acute monocytic leukemia, Malignant histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease) -cytosis: Monocytosis -penia: Monocytopenia

Granulocytes (Myeloid)	-cytosis: granulocytosis (Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Basophilia) -penia: Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia, Kostmann syndrome)

Other/general myeloid	Chronic granulomatous disease

Lymphoid	-cytosis: Lymphocytosis -penia: Lymphopenia

Other	Splenic disease (Asplenia/hyposplenism, Wandering spleen) - Pancytopenia

See also hematological malignancy and immune disorders

v • d • e

Hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590-9989)

Lymphoid/
Lymphoproliferative

Lymphomas (9590-9729)	Hodgkin's lymphoma NHL - B-cell lymphoma: Small cell - Primary effusion - Diffuse large - Burkitt's - Splenic marginal zone - MALT - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis - Mantle cell - Follicular NHL - T-cell lymphoma: Cutaneous - Mycosis fungoides/Sézary's disease, Angioimmunoblastic - Anaplastic large cell - Hepatosplenic - Lymphomatoid papulosis

Plasma cell neoplasms (9730-9739)	Plasmacytoma - Multiple myeloma - Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Lymphoid leukemias (9800-9839)	ALL (Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) - CLL B-cell leukemia (Prolymphocytic, Hairy cell leukemia) T-cell leukemia (Adult, Large granular lymphocyte, Prolymphocytic, Acute lymphoblastic) Acute biphenotypic leukaemia - Aggressive NK-cell leukemia

Other	Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Myeloid

See also hematology and immune disorders

Categories: Hematology | Blood disorders | Types of cancer | Lymphoma deaths

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