Lonomia

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Lonomia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Saturniidae Subfamily: Hemileucinae Genus: Lonomia Walker, 1855
Diversity
14 species
Species
Lonomia frankae Lonomia obliqua Lonomia rufescens  others, see text

The genus Lonomia is a moderate-sized group of fairly cryptic saturniid moths from South America, famous not for the adults, but for their amazingly venomous caterpillars, which are responsible for a few deaths each year, especially in southern Brazil, and the subject of hundreds of published medical studies.

Contents 1 Description 2 Toxicity 3 Species 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Description

The caterpillars are themselves extremely cryptic, blending in against the bark of trees, where the larvae commonly aggregate. The larvae, like most hemileucines, are covered with urticating hairs, but these caterpillars possess a uniquely potent anticoagulant venom.

[edit] Toxicity

A typical envenomation incident involves a person unknowingly leaning against, placing their hand on, or rubbing their arm against a group of these caterpillars that are gathered on the trunk of a tree. The effects of a dose from multiple caterpillars can be dramatic and severe, including massive internal hemorrhaging, kidney failure, and actual destruction of the blood itself (hemolysis). The resulting medical syndrome is sometimes called Lonomiasis.

To date, no one has calculated the LD₅₀ values of Lonomia venom; the rate of human fatality has been documented as 1.7%, compared to a rate for rattlesnakes at about 1.8%, despite the fact that the amount of venom is only a minute fraction (less than 0.001) of the amount in a snake bite. Accordingly, it seems likely that when measured, the LD₅₀ for Lonomia venom will be among the lowest for any natural toxin known. As the plants the larvae feed upon are not unusually toxic, they presumably synthesize the toxin directly, but the biochemical pathways used have apparently not yet been documented.

While there are more than a dozen species in the genus, the most troublesome species is Lonomia obliqua, and it is this species which most of the medical research has centered upon. As anticoagulants have some very beneficial applications (e.g., prevention of life-threatening blood clots), a fair bit of the research is with the intent of deriving some pharmaceutically valuable chemicals.

[edit] Species

• Lonomia achelous (Cramer, 1777) — Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Suriname
• Lonomia beneluzi Lemaire, 2002 — French Guiana
• Lonomia camox Lemaire, 1972 — Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname
• Lonomia columbiana Lemaire, 1972 — Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
• Lonomia descimoni Lemaire, 1972 — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Brazil, Suriname
• Lonomia diabolus Draudt, 1929 — Brazil, French Guiana
• Lonomia electra Druce, 1886 — Central America up to Mexico
• Lonomia francescae L. Racheli, 2005 — Ecuador
• Lonomia frankae Meister, Naumann, Brosch & Wenczel, 2005 — Peru
• Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 — Brazil, Uruguay
• Lonomia pseudobliqua Lemaire, 1973 — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru
• Lonomia rufescens Lemaire, 1972 — Nicaragua to Panama, Colombia, Peru
• Lonomia serranoi Lemaire, 2002 — El Salvador
• Lonomia venezuelensis Lemaire, 1972 — Venezuela

[edit] References

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene article on hemolytic effects

• Arocha-Pinango C.L., Guerrero B. (2001) Lonomia genus caterpillar envenomation: clinical and biological aspects. Haemostasis 31(3-6):288-93.

• Gamborgi G.P., Metcalf E.B., Barros E.J. (2006) Acute renal failure provoked by toxin from caterpillars of the species Lonomia obliqua. Toxicon 47(1):68-74.

• Pinto A.F., Silva K.R., Guimaraes J.A. (2006) Proteases from Lonomia obliqua venomous secretions: comparison of procoagulant, fibrin(ogen)olytic and amidolytic activities. Toxicon 47(1):113-21.

• Veiga A.B., Ribeiro J.M., Guimaraes J.A., Francischetti I.M. (2005) A catalog for the transcripts from the venomous structures of the caterpillar Lonomia obliqua: identification of the proteins potentially involved in the coagulation disorder and hemorrhagic syndrome. Gene 355:11-27.

[edit] External links

• Saturniidae World: Pictures of all species