Lockheed Martin X-33

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X-33
Simulated view of the X-33 in low earth orbit
Fact sheet
Function	Unmanned Re-usable Spaceplane technology demonstrator
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin
Country of origin	United States
Size
Height	20 m[1] (69 ft)
Diameter	N/A
Mass	285,000 lb[1] (130,000 kg)
Stages	1
Capacity
Launch History
Status	Cancelled
Launch sites	Edwards Air Force Base
Total launches	0
First Stage - X-33
Engines	2 J-2S Linear Aerospikes[1]
Thrust	410,000 lbf[1] (1.82 MN)
Burn time
Fuel	LOX/LH2

The X-33 was an unmanned, sub-scale technology demonstrator for the VentureStar under the Space Launch Initiative. The VentureStar was planned to be a next-generation, commercially operated reusable launch vehicle. The X-33 would flight-test a range of technologies that NASA believed it needed for single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicles (SSTO RLVs), such as metallic thermal protection systems, composite cryogenic fuel tanks for liquid hydrogen, the aerospike engine, autonomous (unmanned) flight control, rapid flight turn-around times through streamlined operations, and its lifting body aerodynamics.

[edit] Design

Most importantly, through the use of the lifting body shape, composite liquid fuel tanks, and the aerospike engine, NASA and Lockheed Martin hoped to test fly a craft that would demonstrate the viability of a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) design. An SSTO craft would not require external fuel tanks or boosters to reach low-earth orbit. Doing away with the need for "staging" with launch vehicles, such as with the Shuttle and the Apollo rockets, would lead to an inherently more reliable and safer space launch vehicle. While the X-33 would not approach airplane-like safety, the X-33 would attempt to demonstrate that 0.997 reliability, or 3 mishaps out of 1,000 launches, which would be an order of magnitude more reliable than the Space Shuttle system, was achievable. The 15 planned experimental X-33 flights could only begin this statistical evaluation.

The test of twin Linear Aerospike XRS-2200 engines, originally built for the X-33 program, was performed on August 6, 2001 at NASA's Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

The unmanned craft would have been launched vertically (from a specially designed facility constructed on Edwards Air Force Base), and have landed horizontally on a runway at the end of its mission. Initial sub-orbital test flights were planned from Edwards AFB to Dugway Proving Grounds southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. Once those test flights were completed, further flight tests would be conducted from Edwards AFB to Malmstrom AFB in Great Falls, Montana, to gather more complete data on aircraft heating and engine performance at higher speeds and altitudes.

On July 2, 1996, NASA selected Lockheed Martin Skunk Works of Palmdale, California, to design, build, and test the X-33 experimental vehicle for the RLV program. Lockheed Martin's design concept for the X-33 was selected over competing designs from Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. Boeing featured a Space Shuttle-derived design, and McDonnell Douglas featured a design based on its vertical takeoff and landing DC-XA test vehicle.

The X-33 was never intended to fly higher than 100 km altitude nor faster than 1/2 orbital velocity. Risky extrapolation would have been necessary to apply the results of successful tests (if these had ever occurred) to an orbital vehicle.^[2]

[edit] Commercial spaceflight

Based on the X-33 experience shared with NASA, Lockheed Martin hoped to make the business case for a full-scale SSTO RLV, called VentureStar, that would be developed and operated through commercial means. The intention was that rather than operate space transport systems as it has with the Space Shuttle, NASA would instead look to private industry to operate the reusable launch vehicle and NASA would purchase launch services from the commercial launch provider. Thus, the X-33 was not only about honing space flight technologies, but also about successfully demonstrating the technology required to make a commercial reusable launch vehicle possible.

The VentureStar was to be the first commercial aircraft to fly into space. The unmanned X-33 was slated to fly 15 suborbital hops to near 75.8 km altitude.^[3] It also was to be the first aircraft with a ballistic trajectory. It was to be launched upright like a rocket and rather than having a straight flight path it would fly diagonally up for half the flight, reaching extremely high altitudes, and then back down for the rest of the flight. The VentureStar was intended for long inter-continental flights and supposed to be in service by 2012, but unfortunately this project was never funded or begun.^{[citation needed]}

The decision to design and build the X-33 grew out of an internal NASA study titled "Access to Space". Unlike other space transport studies, "Access to Space" was to result in the design and construction of a vehicle.

[edit] Cancellation

Construction of the prototype was some 85% complete when the program was canceled by NASA in 2001, after a long series of technical difficulties including flight instability and excess weight.

In particular, the composite liquid hydrogen fuel tank failed during testing in November 1999. The tank was constructed of honeycomb composite walls and internal structures to lower its weight. A lighter tank was needed for the craft to demonstrate necessary technologies for single-stage-to-orbit operations. A hydrogen fueled SSTO craft's mass fraction requires that the weight of the vehicle without fuel be 10% of the fully-fueled weight. This would allow for a vehicle to fly to low earth orbit without the need for the sort of external boosters and fuel tanks used by the Space Shuttle. But, after the composite tank failed on the test stand during fueling and pressure tests, NASA came to the conclusion that the technology of the time was simply not advanced enough for such a design. This conclusion is heavily disputed in the alt-space community, who blame the program's failure on NASA's preference for researching new materials and technologies rather than using older more reliable ones—for example, use of composite hydrogen tanks instead of aluminium-lithium. While the composite tank walls themselves were lighter, the odd hydrogen tank shape resulted in complex joints increasing the total mass of the composite tank to above that of an aluminium based tank. ^[4]

NASA had invested $912 million in the project before cancellation and Lockheed Martin a further $357 million. Due to changes in the space launch business—including the challenges faced by companies such as Globalstar, Teledesic and Iridium and the resulting drop in the number of anticipated commercial satellite launches per year—Lockheed Martin deemed that continuing development of the X-33 privately without government support would not be profitable.

After the cancellation, engineers were able to make a working liquid oxygen tank out of carbon fiber composite. ^[5]

[edit] The X-33 in fiction

• A Boeing X-33^[sic] is mentioned in Dan Brown's Angels & Demons where it is owned by CERN, the nuclear physics research laboratory, and is able to go at Mach 25, flying from Boston to Switzerland in less than an hour. CERN does not actually own an X-33. It is also mentioned in his novel Deception Point.
• The PC game Nexus: the Jupiter Incident depicts an X-33/VentureStar in orbital flight during the opening movie.
• During the opening credits of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, a VentureStar style space shuttle is shown in orbit during a sequence showing the advancing engineering progress of launch vehicles. It is sandwiched between the space shuttle with the ISS, and the fictional first flight to achieve warp speed.
• In the animated mini-series Invasion America the protagonists hijacked an X-33/VentureStar style craft to fly to the Moon to reach the staging area of an alien invasion. This would be an impossible task for the real X-33, which would only be capable of flight in low earth orbit.
• In the low budget film Fallout a prototype X-33/VentureStar is used to ferry Rangers to a terrorist controlled space station.
• In the science-fiction series Babylon 5, both the Earth Alliance and the Centauri Republic use atmospheric shuttles that seem to derive their general design from the X-33.

[edit] See also

• VentureStar
• Space Shuttle program

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• X-33 History Project page on NASA.gov
• X-33 project article on Nasaspaceflight.com
• "Status of the X-33 Reusable Launch Vehicle Program", GAO, August 1999.
• X-33 cancellation press release, NASA, March 1, 2001.
• X-33 Launch Complex (Area 1-54)