Lithuanian declension

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This is an article about declension system of the Lithuanian language

Declension of the Lithuanian language is quite sophisticated similarly to that in ancient Indo-European languages (such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek). It also is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European languages or modern European languages.

Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in the Lithuanian language. However at least one of them is reduced to adverbs, but one is extinct in modern language. So, the official variant of Lithuanian has seven cases, but the eighth is used in some dialects or reduced to adverb in others. The cases are:

• nominative
• genitive
• dative
• accusative
• instrumental
• locative
• illative (dialectic)
• vocative (nouns only)
• allative (reduced to adverbs)
• adessive (extinct)

The Lithuanian language has three grammatical numbers: the singular , the dual and the plural. The dual number can be applied to any word, but it was used quite sporadically during the last century. And it's almost unused presently, except few words, that retain their dual forms. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, dual and plural inflections of the same case always differ among themselves and there's no rule, how to make, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case.

Contents 1 Declension paradigms 1.1 a-paradigm 1.1.1 The main sub-paradigm 1.1.2 The palatalized sub-paradigm 1.1.3 Pronouns 1.1.4 Numbers 1.1.5 List of numbers, that don't use the a-paradigm 1.1.6 Nominatives of the active participles 1.2 u-paradigm 1.2.1 The main sub-paradigm 1.2.2 The palatalized sub-paradigm 1.3 o-paradigm 1.3.1 The main sub-paradigm 1.3.2 The palatalized sub-paradigm 1.3.3 Pronouns 1.3.4 Numbers 1.4 ė-paradigm 1.5 i-paradigm 1.5.1 Unsuffixed sub-paradigm 1.5.2 Suffixed sub-paradigm 1.6 Dual number 1.7 Shortened inflections 2 Nouns 2.1 First Declension 2.2 Second Declension 2.3 Third Declension 2.4 Fourth Declension 2.5 Fifth Declension 3 Adjectives 4 Pronouns 5 References

[edit] Declension paradigms

[edit] a-paradigm

The a-paradigm is used to decline:

• nouns of the first declension
• adjectives of the first declension (their masculine forms)
• adjectives of the third declension (masculine forms, palatalized sub-paradigm)
• all pronouns (their masculine forms), except pronoun pats – 'own, self'
• all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradigm) participles (masculine, - active participles have their specific nominatives)
• all ordinal numbers (masculine forms, adjective inflections)
• significant part of cardinal numbers (masculine, see the list below)

The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main. The second sub-paradigm is so-called palatalized, what mean, that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of inflection. The a-paradigm is masculine.

Also note, that inflection of the a-paradigm are different for nouns, adjectives and pronouns in some cases. However not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. Some pronouns as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm use the inflections from the adjective column.

[edit] The main sub-paradigm

• Tas - 'that', rudas - 'brown', namas - 'house'.

	singular			plural
	pronoun	adjective	noun	pronoun	adjective	noun
Nominative	tas	rudas	namas	tie	rudi	namai
Genitive	to	rudo	namo	tų	rudų	namų
Dative	tam	rudam	namui	tiems	rudiems	namams
Accusative	tą	rudą	namą	tuos	rudus	namus
Instrumental	tuo	rudu	namu	tais	rudais	namais
Locative	tame	rudame	name	tuose	ruduose	namuose
(Illative)	tan	rudan	naman	tuosna	ruduosna	namuosna
Vocative			name			(namai)

Other features:

• the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative])

[edit] The palatalized sub-paradigm

• Šis - 'this', žalias - 'green', uosis - 'ash' (a tree).

	singular			plural
	pronoun	adjective	noun	pronoun	adjective	noun
Nominative	šis	žalias	uosis	šie	žali	uosiai
Genitive	šio	žalio	uosio	šių	žalių	uosių
Dative	šiam	žaliam	uosiui	šiems	žaliems	uosiams
Accusative	šį	žalią	uosį	šiuos	žalius	uosius
Instrumental	šiuo	žaliu	uosiu	šiais	žaliais	uosiais
Locative	šiame	žaliame	uosyje	šiuose	žaliuose	uosiuose
(Illative)	šian	žalian	uosin	šiuosna	žaliuosna	uosiuosna
Vocative			uosi			(uosiai)

Other features:

• The inflection of noun for singular nominative can be -is, -ys or -ias, depending on word. Pronouns however always have inflection -is, but adjectives never have -ys in this case.
• The inflection in singular accusative depends on the inflection in singular nominative. If the singular nominative ends with -ias, a word has -ią in singular accusative, otherwise it has the inflection -į.
• Significant part of adjectives, that end with -is in the singular nominative (adjectives of the third declension), have noun inflections in plural.
• The inflection in singular vocative follows the inflection of the singular nominative too:

nominative	vocative
-is	-i
-ys	-y
-ias	-e or -iau

[edit] Pronouns

• Part of pronouns (kas - 'who, what', kažkas - 'somebody, something', tas - 'that', šitas - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (jis - 'he', šis - 'this', kuris- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
• Pronouns koks - 'what' (quality), kažkoks - 'somewhat', toks - 'such', šitoks - 'such'(demonstrative) , kitoks - 'different, other' have the inflection -s instead of the regular -is in the singular nominative.
• Pronoun kitas - 'another, other' is declined using adjectival inflections.
• There are few pronouns, that don't use the a-paradigm:
  • Personal pronouns aš - 'I', tu - 'you, thou', mes - 'we', jūs - 'you' (plural), that formally are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
  • Pronoun pats - 'own, self' uses the i-paradigm.
  • Note, that pronouns kas - 'who, what' or kažkas - 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, do use the a-paradigm.

[edit] Numbers

• The a-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in masculine and with all collective numbers.
• The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in masculine.
• Cardinal numbers, that use the adjectival a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in plural (as they're plural only) are:

keturi - 'four'
penki - 'five'              
šeši - 'six'
septyni - 'seven'
aštuoni - 'eight'
devyni - 'nine'

• Cardinal numbers, that use inflections of nouns of the a-paradigm both in singular and in plural are:

šimtas - 'a hundred'
tūkstantis - 'a thousand'
milijonas - 'a million'
milijardas - 'a billion'
 ...
and other internationally accepted words for big numbers. 

• Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms:
  • a number du - 'two' uses a paradigm of the dual number.
  • a number trys - 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.
  • a number dešimt - 'ten' is undeclinable (however it's a shortened word from dešimtis - 'ten', which is of the i-paradigm).

[edit] List of numbers, that don't use the a-paradigm

This is a list of numerals, that don't use the a-paradigm in masculine. See the o-paradigm about feminine numbers.

du - 'two' (dual number, has a special paradigm)
trys - 'three' (the i-paradigm)
vienuolika - '11' 
dvylika - '12'
trylika - '13'
keturiolika - '14'
penkiolika - '15'
šešiolika - '16' 
septyniolika - '17' 
aštuoniolika - '18' 
devyniolika - '19' (numbers 'vienuolika' - 'devyniolika' are singular
    words of the o-paradigm)
dešimt - 'ten' (undeclinable, sometimes "dešimtis" as a word of the 
                i-paradigm)

[edit] Nominatives of the active participles

	singular		plural
	short	long	short	long
Present tense	-ąs	-antis	-ą	-antys
Present tense (palatalized)	-iąs	-iantis	-ią	-iantys
Past tense	-ęs		-ę
Future tense	-siąs	-siantis	-sią	-siantys

Notes:

1. Short forms of the nominatives skip the active participle suffix -(i)ant-, e. g.
   miegantis 'sleeping' (masculine singular, the long form) - miegąs (idem, the short form),
   sakantys 'saying' (masculine plural, the long form) - saką (idem, the short form).
   This is valid in the masculine nominative only.
2. The past tense doesn't have the long forms.

[edit] u-paradigm

The u-paradigm is used to decline:

• nouns of the fourth declension
• adjectives of the second declension (their masculine forms)

The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of inflection. The u-paradigm is masculine.

Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases.

[edit] The main sub-paradigm

• Drąsus - 'brave', sūnus - 'son'.

	singular		plural
	adjective	noun	adjective	noun
Nominative	drąsus	sūnus	drąsūs	sūnūs
Genitive	drąsaus	sūnaus	drąsių	sūnų
Dative	drąsiam	sūnui	drąsiems	sūnums
Accusative	drąsų	sūnų	drąsius	sūnus
Instrumental	drąsiu	sūnumi	drąsiais	sūnumis
Locative	drąsiame	sūnuje	drąsiuose	sūnuose
(Illative)	drąsian	sūnun	drąsiuosna	sūnuosna
Vocative		sūnau		(sūnūs)

[edit] The palatalized sub-paradigm

• Narsus - 'brave, hardy', karalius - 'king'.

	singular		plural
	adjective	noun	adjective	noun
Nominative	narsus	karalius	narsūs	karaliai
Genitive	narsaus	karaliaus	narsių	karalių
Dative	narsiam	karaliui	narsiems	karaliams
Accusative	narsų	karalių	narsius	karalius
Instrumental	narsiu	karaliumi	narsiais	karaliais
Locative	narsiame	karaliuje	narsiuose	karaliuose
(Illative)	narsian	karaliun	narsiuosna	karaliuosna
Vocative		karaliau		(karaliai)

Note that:

• The sub-paradigm for adjectives is fully identical with the main sub-paradigm and is mixed-type, with some palatalized inflections and others not.
• The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm).

[edit] o-paradigm

The o-paradigm is used to decline:

• part of nouns of the second declension (whose singular nominative ends with -a or -i)
• adjectives of the first declension (their feminine forms)
• adjectives of the second declension (their feminine forms, the palatalized sub-paradigm)
• all pronouns (their feminine forms)
• all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradgm) participles (feminine)
• all ordinal numbers (feminine forms, the main sub-paradigm)
• cardinal numbers from vienuolika - 'eleven', dvylika - 'twelve' to devyniolika - 'nineteen' (in singular!)
• (feminine) cardinal numbers, that are used in plural, except a number trys - 'three'.

[edit] The main sub-paradigm

• Ta - 'that', ruda - 'brown', meška - 'bear'.

	singular	plural
Nominative	ta ruda meška	tos rudos meškos
Genitive	tos rudos meškos	tų rudų meškų
Dative	tai rudai meškai	toms rudoms meškoms
Accusative	tą rudą mešką	tas rudas meškas
Instrumental	ta ruda meška	tomis rudomis meškomis
Locative	toje rudoje meškoje	tose rudose meškose
(Illative)	ton rudon meškon	tosna rudosna meškosna
Vocative	meška	(meškos)

[edit] The palatalized sub-paradigm

• Ši - 'this', stipri - 'strong, potent' , galia - 'power'.

	singular	plural
Nominative	ši stipri galia	šios stiprios galios
Genitive	šios stiprios galios	šių stiprių galių
Dative	šiai stipriai galiai	šioms stiprioms galioms
Accusative	šią stiprią galią	šias stiprias galias
Instrumental	šia stipria galia	šiomis stipriomis galiomis
Locative	šioje stiprioje galioje	šiose stipriose galiose
(Illative)	šion stiprion galion	šiosna stipriosna galiosna
Vocative	galia	(galios)

Other features:

• Words of the palatalized sub-paradigm may have -i or -ia in the singular nominative. This doesn't affect other inflections.
• Adjectives of the first declension have -ia, but adjectives of the second declension have -i in the singular nominative.

[edit] Pronouns

• Part of pronouns (ta - 'that', šita - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (ji - 'he', ši - 'this', kuri- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
• There are few pronouns, that don't use the o-paradigm:
  • Personal pronouns aš - 'I', tu - 'you, thou', mes - 'we', jūs - 'you' (plural), that are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
  • Pronouns kas - 'who, what' or kažkas - 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, use the a-paradigm.

[edit] Numbers

• The i-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in feminine.
• The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine.
• Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine plural (as they're plural only) are:

keturios - 'four'
penkios - 'five'              
šešios - 'six'
septynios - 'seven'
aštuonios - 'eight'
devynios - 'nine'

• Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine singular are:

vienuolika - '11' 
dvylika - '12'
trylika - '13'
keturiolika - '14'
penkiolika - '15'
šešiolika - '16' 
septyniolika - '17' 
aštuoniolika - '18' 
devyniolika - '19'

• • Numbers vienuolika to devyniolika have the inflexion -a instead of -ą in the (singular) accusative.

• Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms:
  • a number dvi - 'two' (feminine) uses a paradigm of the dual number.
  • a number trys - 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.

[edit] ė-paradigm

The ė-paradigm is used to decline:

• part of nouns of the second declension (that end with -ė in the singular nominative)
• adjectives of the third declension (their feminine forms)

The words in the table:

• Didelė - 'big', upė - 'river'.

	singular	plural
Nominative	didelė upė	didelės upės
Genitive	didelės upės	didelių upių
Dative	didelei upei	didelėms upėms
Accusative	didelę upę	dideles upes
Instrumental	didele upe	didelėmis upėmis
Locative	didelėje upėje	didelėse upėse
(Illative)	didelėn upėn	didelėsna upėsna
Vocative	upe	(upės)

Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių).

[edit] i-paradigm

The i-paradigm is used to decline:

• nouns of the third declension, which are mostly feminine (dantis - 'tooth', debesis - 'cloud', vagis - thief and few nouns that end with -uonis in the singular nominative are masculine exceptions)
• nouns of the fifth declension, which are mostly masculine (duktė - 'daughter', sesuo - 'sister' are feminine exceptions)
• pronoun pats - 'own, self' (masculine form)
• number trys - 'three' (has the plural only)

All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm

[edit] Unsuffixed sub-paradigm

The words in the table:

• pilis - 'castle', vagis - 'thief'.

	singular		plural
	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine
Nominative	pilis	vagis	pilys	vagys
Genitive	pilies	vagies	pilių	vagių
Dative	piliai	vagiui	pilims	vagims
Accusative	pilį	vagį	pilis	vagis
Instrumental	pilimi	vagimi or vagiu	pilimis	vagimis
Locative	pilyje	vagyje	pilyse	vagyse
(Illative)	pilin	vagin	pilysna	vagysna
Vocative	pilie	vagie	(pilys)	(vagys)

Other features:

• Many words have -ų instead of -ių in the plural genitive, for example, žąsis - žąsų 'goose', naktis-naktų 'night', debesis - debesų 'cloud'.

Irregularities:

• Words pats - 'own, self' and trys - 'three' are declined as following:

	singular	plural
	pronoun	number	pronoun
Nominative	pats	trys	patys
Genitive	paties	trijų	pačių
Dative	pačiam	trims	patiems
Accusative	patį	tris	pačius
Instrumental	pačiu	trimis	pačiais
Locative	pačiame	m. trijuose / f. trijose	pačiuose
(Illative)	pačian	m. trijuosna / f. trijosna	pačiuosna

Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. It's feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly.

[edit] Suffixed sub-paradigm

The words in the table:

• akmuo - 'stone', sesuo - 'sister'.

	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
Nominative	akmuo	sesuo	akmenys	seserys
Genitive	akmens	sesers	akmenų	seserų
Dative	akmeniui	seseriai	akmenims	seserims
Accusative	akmenį	seserį	akmenis	seseris
Instrumental	akmeniu	seseria or seserimi	akmenimis	seserimis
Locative	akmenyje	seseryje	akmenyse	seseryse
(Illative)	akmenin	seserin	akmenysna	seserysna
Vocative	akmenie	seserie	(akmenys)	(seserys)

Other features:

• Other cases than the singular nominative always have a suffix, -en- for masculine words and -er- for feminine words. There are only two feminine words, using the suffixed sub-paradigm, duktė - 'daughter' and sesuo - 'sister'.

Irregularities:

• A word duktė - 'daughter' has the inflexion -ė instead of -uo in singular nominative.
• A word šuo - 'dog' has a suffix -un- instead of -en-. The root of this word formally is a single š-, but historically it was šu-, that subsequently amalgamated with the suffix, and the further cases are šuns, šuniui, šunį and so on.

Other:

• A word sesuo - 'sister' has a synonim sesė, that's used in vocative ('sese!') more often, than the first ('seserie!'). The synonim sesė is of the ė-paradigm.

[edit] Dual number

The dual number has its specific inflections, that are similar with plural inflections with some specific differencies:

• Nominative, accusative or vocative: masculine words end with -(i)u, feminine with -i
• Genitive and locatives are the same as in the plural.
• Dative has the inflection of the plural dative, but without the final -s, so -(i)ams, -iems, -(i)oms, -ėms, -ims in the plural give -(i)am, -iem, -(i)om, -ėm, -im in the dual respectively
• Instrumental has the same inflections as the dual dative, but they are pronounced in different intonation.

Other features:

• It depends on the paradigm, whether -(i) in the brackets is used or not. The masculine i-paradigm always has -iu as the nominative inflection.

Irregularities:

• A word du - 'two' has three modifications of the stem, d- (in nominative and accusative), dv- (in dative and instrumental) and dviej- (in genitive and locatives)
• Words mudu - 'we (both)', judu - 'you (both)', juodu - 'they (both)' (masculine), jiedvi - 'they (both)' (feminine), as well as šiuodu - 'these (both)', tuodu - 'that (both)', abudu - 'both' and their feminine counterparts have a specific paradigm, based on declension of a word du - 'two' (see an example in the paragraph about pronouns).

[edit] Shortened inflections

Inflections, that have two or more syllables, are often shortened in Lithuanian, eliding the final short vowel. Shortened inflections are especially used in the spoken language, while in the written language full inflections are preferred. The elision occur in:

• Singular locative. Inflections -ame, -yje, -oje, -ėje may be shortened to -am, -y(j), -oj, -ėj. Note, that a one-syllable inflection -e of the a-paradigm isn't a subject of the rule.
• Plural instrumental. Feminine inflections -omis, -ėmis, -imis may be shortened to -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number.
• Plural dative has one-syllable inflections, but sometimes they are shortened, skipping the final -s, to -am, -iem, -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number too.
• Plural locative. A masculine inflections -uose may be shortened to -uos. What however doesn't pertain to inflections -yse, -ose, -ėse, whose shortened variants would coincide with inflections of other cases.

Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. This may be done with feminine active participles of the past tense (or of the past iterative tense) in the singular nominative. So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense.

[edit] Nouns

Nouns in Lithuanian language have five declensions which are defined by the inflection in singular nominative and genitive cases. It is currently proposed that the classical declension rules should be reformed to better reflect inflections.

Only few borrowed words, like taksi (taxi) or tabu (taboo), are not subject to declension rules.

#	Inflection in singular cases		Examples	Notes
	Nominative	Genitive
I	-as, -is, -ys	-o	Vyras (man), medis (tree), traukinys (train)	Masculine nouns, very popular and strong
II	-a, -i, -ė	-os, -ės	Varna (crow), marti (daughter-in-law), varlė (frog)	With few exceptions, feminine nouns
III	-is	-ies	Avis (sheep), dantis (tooth), pilis (castle)	Feminine nouns with few masculine exceptions, weaker than the first two
IV	-us	-aus	Sūnus (son), skaičius (digit), medus (honey)	Archaic, has not many words
V	-uo, -ė	-(en)s, -(er)s	Vanduo (water), akmuo (stone), duktė (daughter)	Archaic, has fewer words, than others

[edit] First Declension

-as, -is, -ys (masculine)

	vaikas = child		brolis = brother		arklys = horse
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	vaikas	vaikai	brolis	broliai	arklys	arkliai
Genitive	vaiko	vaikų	brolio	brolių	arklio	arklių
Dative	vaikui	vaikams	broliui	broliams	arkliui	arkliams
Accusative	vaiką	vaikus	brolį	brolius	arklį	arklius
Instrumental	vaiku	vaikais	broliu	broliais	arkliu	arkliais
Locative	vaike	vaikuose	brolyje	broliuose	arklyje	arkliuose
(Illative)	vaikan	vaikuosna	brolin	broliuosna	arklin	arkliuosna
Vocative	vaike	vaikai	broli	broliai	arkly	arkliai

(note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative])

[edit] Second Declension

-a, -ė, -ti (feminine)

	motina = mother		katė = cat		pati = wife
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	motina	motinos	katė	katės	pati	pačios
Genitive	motinos	motinų	katės	kačių	pačios	pačių
Dative	motinai	motinoms	katei	katėms	pačiai	pačioms
Accusative	motiną	motinas	katę	kates	pačią	pačias
Instrumental	motina	motinomis	kate	katėmis	pačia	pačiomis
Locative	motinoje	motinose	katėje	katėse	pačioje	pačiose
(Illative)	motinon	motinosna	katėn	katėsna	pačion	pačiosna
Vocative	motina	motinos	kate	katės	pati (or pačia)	pačios

(pati is one of only two Lithuanian nouns with the ending -ti; the other is marti, which means "daughter-in-law")

[edit] Third Declension

-is (masculine & feminine)

	vagis = thief (masculine)		akis = eye (feminine)
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	vagis	vagys	akis	akys
Genitive	vagies	vagių	akies	akių
Dative	vagiui	vagims	akiai	akims
Accusative	vagį	vagis	akį	akis
Instrumental	vagiu	vagimis	akimi	akimis
Locative	vagyje	vagyse	akyje	akyse
(Illative)	vagin	vagysna	akin	akysna
Vocative	vagie	vagys	akie	akys

(notice that there are only small differences between masculine and feminine nouns of this declension, namely the dative & instrumental singular forms)

[edit] Fourth Declension

-us, -ius (masculine)

	sūnus = son		profesorius = professor
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	sūnus	sūnūs	profesorius	profesoriai
Genitive	sūnaus	sūnų	profesoriaus	profesorių
Dative	sūnui	sūnums	profesoriui	profesoriams
Accusative	sūnų	sūnus	profesorių	profesorius
Instrumental	sūnumi	sūnumis	profesoriumi	profesoriais
Locative	sūnuje	sūnuose	profesoriuje	profesoriuose
(Illative)	sūnun	sūnuosna	profesoriun	profesoriuosna
Vocative	sūnau	sūnūs	profesoriau	profesoriai

(again, make notice of the slight differences between the two variants of this declension: in the plural, the nominative, dative, instrumental and vocative cases all differ)

[edit] Fifth Declension

-uo (masculine)

There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter).

	vanduo = water
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	vanduo	vandenys	sesuo/duktė	seserys/dukterys
Genitive	vandens	vandenų	sesers/dukters	seserų/dukterų
Dative	vandeniui	vandenims	seseriai/dukteriai	seserims/dukterims
Accusative	vandenį	vandenis	seserį/dukterį	seseris/dukteris
Instrumental	vandeniu	vandenimis	seserimi/dukterimi	seserimis/dukterimis
Locative	vandenyje	vandenyse	seseryje/dukteryje	seseryse/dukteryse
(Illative)	vandenin	vandenysna	seserin/dukterin	seserysna/dukterysna
Vocative	vandenie	vandenys	seserie/dukterie	seserys/dukterys

[edit] Adjectives

In Lithuanian language adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. It is proposed that the three classical declension rules would be regrouped into four: two masculine and two feminine.

Declension	Singular nom. inflection		Plural nom. inflection		Examples
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
I	-(i)as	-(i)a	-i	-os	šaltas, šalta (cold), šlapias, šlapia (damp)
II	-us	-i	-ūs	-ios	švarus, švari (clean), malonus, maloni (pleasant)
III	-is	-ė	-iai	-ės	varinis, varinė (cooper), laukinis, laukinė (wild)
	-is	-ė	-i	-ės	didelis, didelė (big)

[edit] Pronouns

Personal pronouns aš (I), tu (you) jis (he, it), ji (she, it) and the reflexive pronoun savęs are declined as follows:

			Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Instrumental	Locative
Singular	1st Person		aš	manęs	man	mane	manimi	manyje
	2nd Person		tu	tavęs	tau	tave	tavimi	tavyje
	3rd Person	Masculine	jis	jo	jam	jį	juo	jame
		Feminine	ji	jos	jai	ją	ja	joje
	Reflexive pronoun			savęs	sau	save	savimi	savyje
Dual	1st Person	Masculine	mudu	mudviejų	mudviem	mudu	mudviem	mudviese
		Feminine	mudvi			mudvi
	2nd Person	Masculine	judu	judviejų	judviem	judu	judviem	judviese
		Feminine	judvi			judvi
	3rd Person	Masculine	juodu or jiedu	jųdviejų	jiedviem	juodu	jiedviem	juodviese
		Feminine	jiedvi	jųdviejų	jodviem	jiedvi	jodviem	jiedviese
Plural	1st Person		mes	mūsų	mums	mus	mumis	mumyse
	2nd Person		jūs	jūsų	jums	jus	jumis	jumyse
	3rd Person	Masculine	jie	jų	jiems	juos	jais	juose
		Feminine	jos	jų	joms	jas	jomis	jose

Note, that the table contains only the objective genitive of pronouns aš, tu, savęs. The possessive genitives of these words are mano, tavo and savo respectively. Compare jis manęs laukia - 'he waits for me' and mano draugas - 'my friend' ('friend ' is in masculine), but in jis mūsų laukia - 'he waits for us' and mūsų draugas - 'our friend' the both genitives coincide as in almost any word.

[edit] References

• J. Marvan. Modern Lithuanian declension: a study of its infrastructure. University of Michigan. 1979
• Lituanus. Lithuanian in the 21st century. Retrieved 2007.04.28
• I. Savickienė, A. Kazlauskienė, L. Kamandulytė. Naujas požiūris į lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžio linksniavimo tipus pagal natūraliosios morfologijos teoriją. Retrieved 2007.04.28

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