From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of all the known oxidation states of the chemical elements, excluding nonintegral values. The more common oxidation states are highlighted. This table is based on Greenwood's,[1] with all additions noted. Oxidation state 0, which is found for all elements, is implied by the column with the element's symbol. The format of the table, based on one devised by Mendeleev in 1889, highlights some of the periodic trends.
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−1 |
H |
+1 |
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He |
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−1 |
Li |
+1 |
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Be |
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+2 |
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B |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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| −4 |
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
C |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
N |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−2 |
−1 |
O |
+1 |
+2 |
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−1 |
F |
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Ne |
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−1 |
Na |
+1 |
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Mg |
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+2 |
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Al |
+1 |
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+3 |
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| −4 |
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Si |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
P |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−2 |
−1 |
S |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−1 |
Cl |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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Ar |
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K |
+1 |
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Ca |
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+2 |
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Sc |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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−1 |
Ti |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−1 |
V |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−2 |
−1 |
Cr |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Mn |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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−2 |
−1 |
Fe |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−1 |
Co |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−1 |
Ni |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Cu |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Zn |
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+2 |
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Ga |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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| −4 |
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Ge |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−3 |
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As |
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+2 |
+3 |
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+5 |
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−2 |
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Se |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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+6 |
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−1 |
Br |
+1 |
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+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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+7 |
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Kr |
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+2 |
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Rb |
+1 |
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Sr |
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+2 |
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Y |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Zr |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−1 |
Nb |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−2 |
−1 |
Mo |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−3 |
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−1 |
Tc |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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−2 |
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Ru |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
+8 |
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−1 |
Rh |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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Pd |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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Ag |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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Cd |
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+2 |
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In |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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| −4 |
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Sn |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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−3 |
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Sb |
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+3 |
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+5 |
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−2 |
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Te |
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+2 |
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+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−1 |
I |
+1 |
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+3 |
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+5 |
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+7 |
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Xe |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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+6 |
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+8 |
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Cs |
+1 |
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Ba |
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+2 |
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La |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Ce |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Pr |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Nd |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Pm |
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+3 |
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Sm |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Eu |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Gd |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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Tb |
+1 |
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+3 |
+4 |
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Dy |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Ho |
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+3 |
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Er |
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+3 |
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Tm |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Yb |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Lu |
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+3 |
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Hf |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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−1 |
Ta |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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−2 |
−1 |
W |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−3 |
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−1 |
Re |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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−2 |
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Os |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
+8 |
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−1 |
Ir |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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Pt |
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+2 |
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+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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−1 |
Au |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
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+5 |
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Hg |
+1 |
+2 |
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+4 |
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[2] |
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Tl |
+1 |
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+3 |
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| −4 |
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Pb |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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−3 |
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Bi |
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+3 |
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+5 |
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−2 |
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Po |
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+2 |
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+4 |
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+6 |
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−1 |
At |
+1 |
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+3 |
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+5 |
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+7 |
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Rn |
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+2 |
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[3] |
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Fr |
+1 |
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Ra |
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+2 |
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Ac |
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+3 |
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Th |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Pa |
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+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
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U |
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+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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Np |
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+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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Pu |
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+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
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Am |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
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Cm |
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+3 |
+4 |
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Bk |
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+3 |
+4 |
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Cf |
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+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
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Es |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Fm |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Md |
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+2 |
+3 |
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No |
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+2 |
+3 |
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Lr |
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+3 |
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Rf |
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+4 |
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A figure with a similar format (shown below) was used by Irving Langmuir in 1919 in one of the early papers about the octet rule.[4] The periodicity of the oxidation states was one of the pieces of evidence that lead Langmuir to adopt the rule.
[edit] References
- ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. , p. 28.
- ^ Hg4+ has been observed in mercury tetrafluoride; see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; and Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4.". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. .
- ^ Rn2+ has been observed in radon difluoride; see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science 168: 362. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,: 760b - 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
- ^ Irving Langmuir. The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1919, 41, 868-934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002
