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List of independent discoveries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of independent discoveries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Independent discoveries in science, termed "multiples" by Robert K. Merton, are instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other.[1] [1]

[edit] List

[edit] Pre-13th-century

  • Greenland was first discovered by early Palaeo-Eskimo cultures. In several immigration waves originating from the islands north of the North American mainland, they started settlement circa 2500 BCE. In the early 10th century CE, i.e. more than three millennia later, Greenland was rediscovered by Norse when Gunnbjörn Ulfsson accidentally sighted islands lying close off the coast of Greenland. Based on his report, there was an unsuccessful settlement led by Snaebjörn Galti around 978 and a successful settlement led by Erik the Red (first visit in 982). The Norse settlement disappeared in the 14th/15th century.

[edit] 13th century

[edit] 16th century

[edit] 17th century

[edit] 18th century

[edit] 19th century

[edit] 20th century

[edit] 21st century

[edit] Quotes

"When the time is ripe for certain things, these things appear in different places in the manner of violets coming to light in early spring."

Farkas Bolyai to his son János in urging him to claim the invention of non-Euclidean geometry without delay,
quoted in Li & Vitanyi, An introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, 1st ed., p. 83.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Merton contrasts a "multiple" with a "singleton," a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. Merton hypothesizes that multiples, rather than an exceptional phenomenon, may actually constitute the common pattern in science. Robert K. Merton, On Social Structure and Science, p. 307. Merton's hypothesis is also discussed in Harriet Zuckerman's Scientific Elite.
  2. ^ N.E. Collinge, The Laws of Indo-European, pp. 149-52.
  3. ^ See Chapter 1.6 in the 1st edition of Li & Vitanyi, An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, who cite Chaitin (1975): "this definition [of Kolmogorov complexity] was independently proposed about 1965 by A.N. Kolmogorov and me ... Both Kolmogorov and I were then unaware of related proposals made in 1960 by Ray Solomonoff."
  4. ^ See Garey & Johnson, Computers and intractability, p. 119.
    Cf. also the survey article by Trakhtenbrot (see "External Links").
    Levin emigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
  5. ^ See EATCS on the Gödel Prize 1995.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] See also


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