Leadlight
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Leadlights are decorative windows made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames. The technique of creating windows using glass and lead came is discussed at lead came and copper foil glasswork. The term leadlight could be used to describe all windows in which the glass is supported by lead but traditionally, a distinction is made between stained glass windows and leadlights, the former being associated with the ornate windows of churches and other such works of architecture and the latter with the windows of vernacular commercial and domestic architecture and defined by its simplicity.
Since the traditional technique of setting glass into lead cames is the same in both cases, in the late 20th century the divisions between "leadlight" and "stained glass" became blurred, and the terms are now often used interchangeably for any window employing this technique, while the term "stained glass" is often extended in application to any windows, sculpture, and objects d'art using coloured glass.
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[edit] Description of traditional leadlight
Traditionally, leadlight windows differ from stained glass windows principally in being less complex in design, using simpler techniques and being far less expensive. While stained glass windows are found principally in churches and grandly ornate buildings, leadlight windows are extremely common and in the period from 1860 to 1930 were a regular architectural feature in many private houses and cottages, where their style is often a clue to the age of the building.
Unlike stained glass windows which are traditionally pictorial or of elaborate design, traditional leadlight windows are generally non-pictorial, containing geometric designs and formalised plant motifs. Leadlight windows almost always employ the use of quarries, pieces of glass cut into regular geometric shapes, sometimes square, rectangular or circular but most frequently diamond shaped, creating a "diaper" pattern.
A further difference between traditional stained glass and leadlight is that the former almost always has painted pictorial details over much of the glass, requiring separate firing after painting by the artist. In traditional leadlight this is not the case, painted quarries being separately produced and leaded in with those of plain glass, in the form of armorial crests and occasionally small scenes painted in grisaille (grey).
Quarries painted in grisaille were employed both in the Medieval period and the 19th century, the most famous ancient windows to have been decorated in this manner being in York Minster and having inspired many 19th century imitations painted with little birds.
Quarries may be mould-cast into patterns such as fleur de lys and imprinted with black and yellow stain. Used extensively during the 19th century in England and Commonwealth countries, these quarries are often the product of a single studio, James Powell and Sons of Whitefriars. Another form of decorative quarry is the etched or engraved quarry, which is made of flashed glass, most often ruby red or royal blue over a transparent layer and then has a design cut into it using either acid or a lathe, the character of the resultant design differing accordingly. Etched quarries of Venetian glass are often employed, sometimes in conjunction with panels of stained glass, particularly in Italy and Eastern Europe. Lathe-cut quarries with a simple star-burst pattern are very common in late 19th century domestic architecture of many regions, both in leadlighting and in simpler wooden-framed glazing.
The colours employed in leadlight windows may range from delicate pastels to intense hues. The glass used may be textured or patterned or bevelled (as in the small panel from the 1920s illustrated above). However, since they are generally non-pictorial, and are primarily to illuminate the interior, with or without a decorative function, the glass is usually of pale hue, or transparent.
[edit] Origin and continuity
Leadlight has been in use for over a thousand years, having its origins in the Roman and Byzantine windows that were made of thin sheets of alabaster set in armatures of wood or wrought iron. With the employment of small pieces of glass as the translucent material, lead "cames" of H-section were used to hold the glass in place, the iron armatures being retained as support for larger windows. The work of the leadlighter was essentially to provide windows that excluded the weather, but let the light into the interior of buildings.
By the late middle ages the profession of domestic leadlighter was common across Europe. The provision of decorative stained glass windows, on the other hand, was a task requiring many more complex skills than the provision of domestic leadlight. This remained the situation until World War II, prior to which time, most towns had a commercial premises producing domestic leadlight.
These craftsmen did not refer to their product as "stained glass". Some of the major stained glass studios that produced church windows also produced leadlight for commercial and domestic buildings, so that the division became blurred, and the leadlights, particularly for public buildings, were occasionally very ornate as in the windows of Central Railway Station, Sydney (below).
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the previously accepted division between leadlight and stained glass has almost disappeared. This is partly for technical reasons that the techniques of construction of a pictorial stained glass window and a domestic leadlight window are basically the same, and any glass that is coloured, or carries a stain is generally referred to as stained glass. The terms stained glass and leadlight are often used interchangeably, and the preferred term differs regionally.
[edit] History
[edit] 15th-17th centuries
Many buildings exist that were glazed at this period, Little Moreton Hall (1555-9) in Cheshire, England, being particularly famous for the extensive nature of its leadlighting. During this period large sheets of glass were not available. Domestic windows were generally small and were made of crown glass which has a characteristic rippled surface. The irregular glinting surface of diamond-pane windows is a distinctive feature of old European houses. The diaper shape of the panes gave greater stability than square-cut straight-set panes and hence are more common. It was also convenient to cut three such panes from a single "crown" of glass with less waste than that caused by cutting square panes. Square panes are most often found in the grander buildings. However, the glass is often set in an iron grid, rather than lead cames.
In grander houses, the windows often contain small painted panes or stained glass panels containing heraldic emblems and coats of arms. Some European churches also retain diaper glass of this period, some, like York Minster, with painted and fired quarries.
During the 19th and early 20th century a great number of important medieval houses were restored and had their windows returned to an earlier style of glazing. The glazing of the western range of Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, is particularly effective as each pane is set at a different angle to those adjacent, creating jewell-like facets when seen from the exterior.
[edit] Late 17th-18th centuries
With the development of sash windows, leadlighting became much less common in the domestic setting, giving way to larger panes of glass set into wooden frames. Doors were often surmounted by decorative fanlights in which the panes of glass might be supported by lead, but wood was also commonly used as the support for the glass in fanlights. Casement windows and fixed windows continued to employ leadlight, often with larger panes of rectangular rather than diamond shape. Large windows set in public buildings and churches of this period also employed rectangular panes of leadlight supported by armatures emphasizing the classical design of the windows. Heraldic motifs in stained glass were often set into the windows.
[edit] 19th century
By 1840 there was a growing fashion for the Medieval. The Gothic Revival brought about a new popularity for diamond-pane windows which were initially found in homes of the wealthy. Soon the fashion for leadlight windows spread, promoted by the Arts and Crafts Movement. Leadlight became a commonplace feature of houses, generally to be found in or around the front door.
The style might be medievalising, formal classical motifs or Arts and Crafts designs which often included among the motifs lilies, tulips and sunflowers. In the late Victorian period it was common for leadlight windows in wealthier homes to contain small rondels painted in grisaille (grey) and depicting birds or fruit and flowers representing the seasons.
During this period also, many churches and public buildings were constructed in Revival styles. Many public buildings such as town halls, public libraries, museums and hospitals had their public spaces glazed with pale-coloured leadlight, creating a pleasant ambience in areas where good lighting was required, but a view was not.
At this time also a great number of new churches were constructed, particularly in England, the United States, countries of the British Commonwealth, and Japan. Many of these churches were initially glazed with leadlight, often in pastel cathedral glass or Powell's cast quarries with impressed designs. Although frequently the windows have later been replaced with pictorial stained glass, many such windows remain, particularly in less visible locations such as organ lofts and ringing chambers. In Sydney, the Anglican Church of St. Philip's, Church Hill, retains an intact set of Powell's impressed quarries.
[edit] 20th century
Prior to World War I, in domestic architecture, the front entrance remained the focus for decorative leadlighting. It was also commonly used for stair-well windows, but was uncommon in other locations where large panes of glass were valued over small ones. The Art Nouveau or Secessionist style dominated the design, leading to the incorporation of many long curved sections of glass that were never previously a feature of leadlight windows. As with the 19th century, there was much application of leadlighting to the foyers and public spaces of public buildings. Many late 19th and early 20th century commercial buildings have extensive use of leadlighting, particularly in shopping arcades and tea rooms. Leadlighting in translucent glass was also used extensively for internal doors of public and commercial buildings, theatres and other such venues because it enabled people approaching the door from opposite sides to be visible to each other.
In domestic architecture, after World War I, the focus on the decoration of the front door became less common, and the front windows became the location of leadlighting. Many houses of the 1920s and 30s have Mock Tudor elements, including gables decorated with pseudo half-timbering and leadlight casement windows in diamond panes at the front of the house. This architectural style is commonly found in Public Houses of the date, and also in school buildings.
With the "bungalow" style of architecture becoming increasingly popular, sash windows were also often made with leadlighting, often incorporating sections of glass very muuch larger than in traditional diapered windows. This trend continued until World War II, the style evolving from Art Nouveau to Art Deco, which both employed a great variety of glass, including cathedral glass and opalescent glass, as well as glass with bevelled edges. From 1940 until about 1980 domestic leadlighting was less common.
The designs varied greatly in character and quality in this period, with the famous designers Louis Comfort Tiffany, Alphonse Mucha and Charles Rennie Macintosh all having much influence on leadlighting, both commercial and domestic. Many of the larger-scale works in leadlight of this period, particularly in public and commercial venues, are artistic masterpieces.
The medium responded to local character, and local events. A typical example is the effect of the unification of the Australian states through Federation in 1901, which brought a profusion designs based on Australian flora and fauna to the local leadlight production, a notable example being the windows of the booking hall of Sydney's Central Railway Station.
[edit] Late 20th century
The late 20th century has seen a popular revival of the craft, which is now widely taught in technical colleges and practised by many artists, both commercial and hobbyists. With a revival of the craft, both abstract design and formalised pictorial motifs have flourished, as has the use of irregularly textured and patterned glass. Many leadlight artists employ simple pictorial forms that can be achieved without recourse to painting and firing. Recent formalised motifs have included butterflies, yachts on the ocean and a wide range of flora.
Whereas in the early 20th century the product of a small leadlighting studio generally reflected the trends in modern architecture, and was produced with great competence by professional craftsmen fully trained through apprenticeship, modern leadighting is increasingly the province of amateurs. The resultant product often demonstrates a lack of formal design training on behalf of the craftsperson, and a lack of awareness of stylistic trends. Modern amateur stained glass is particularly marred by the comparative lack of precision in drafting, cutting and leading which was essential to every successful 19th and early 20th century commercial leadlighter.
The finer products of late 20th century leadlighting continue to display a mastery of the traditional technical skills, an awareness of design trends and original creative artistry.
[edit] Artificial leadlight
A commercially produced product, often referred to as "stained glass" or "leadlight" is made of single sheets of glass, with self-adhesive lead placed on both sides to replicate lead cames, and either a film or stain placed on the surface to replicate coloured glass. This product has a wide domestic application and is often erroneously thought to be genuine stained glass or leadlight, while in fact it is essentially fake.
[edit] Important artists
- William Morris
- Daniel Cottier
- Louis Comfort Tiffany
- Charles Rennie MacIntosh
[edit] References
- Sarah Brown, Stained Glass, an Illustrated History 1995, Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5
- Ben Sinclair, Plain Glazing, 2001, the Building Conservation Directory, [1]
[edit] See also
- Stained glass
- Lead came and copper foil glasswork
- Architectural glass
- Arts and crafts
- Art glass
- Beveled glass
- Cathedral glass
- Float glass
- Glassblowing
- Glass beadmaking
- Hot glass
- Tiffany glass including:
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- Favrile, Tiffany's iridescent glass
- Drapery glass
- Fracture glass
- Streamer glass
- Fracture-streamer glass
- Ring mottle glass
- Rippled glass
