Labraunda
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In Antiquity, Labraunda (alternatively Labranda) in the mountains near the coast of Caria in Asia Minor was held sacred by Carians and Mysians alike. The site amid its sacred plane trees [1] was enriched in the Hellenistic style by the Hecatomnid dynasty of Mausolus, satrap of Persia (c. 377-352 BCE), for whom it was the ancestral sacred shrine. From simple beginnings, the prosperity of a rapidly hellenised Caria in the fourth century BCE[2] is reflected in what must have been a handsomely constructed site. Remains of Hellenistic houses and streets can still be traced, and there are numerous inscriptions. The cult icon here was a local Zeus Labraundos, a standing Zeus with the tall lotus-tipped scepter upright in his left hand and the double-headed axe, the labrys, over his right shoulder. The cult statue was the gift of the founder of the dynasty, Hecatomnus himself, recorded in a surviving inscription.[3]
In the third century BCE, with the fall of the Hecatomnids, Labraunda passed into the control of Mylasa. The site was not occupied under the Byzantines, save for the construction of an isolated church, nor has it been occupied since.
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[edit] Labraunda and labrys
The first occurrence of "labrys" in English noted by the OED concerns this sanctuary:[4]
It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries like Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys, which was the Lydian (or Carian) name for the Greek πέλεκυς, or double-edged axe.
The same root labr- appears in the labyrinth of Knossos, which is interpreted as the "place of the axe." The double-headed axe was a central iconic motif at Labraunda. The axe cast of gold had been kept in the Lydian capital Sardes for centuries. The Lydian king Gyges awarded it to the Carians, to commemorate Carian support in a battle. This is the mythic anecdote: the social and political reality may have been more complicated, for such ritual objects are never lightly passed from hand to hand or moved from their fixed abode. Upon receiving this precious, purely ritual axe, the Carians kept it in the Temple of Zeus at Labraunda.
The figure of a double-sided axe is a feature of many coins of Halicarnassus. Coins at the museum at Bodrum bear the head of Apollo on the obverse and on the reverse the name of the reigning Carian ruler inscribed next to the figure of Zeus Labraunda carrying the double-bladed Carian axe.
[edit] Site
The Royal Swedish Institute at Athens has been in charge of archeology at Labraunda, notably in a series of campaigns in 1948-53, initiated by Dr. Axel Persson and taken up after Persson's sudden death by Dr. Gösta Säflund, has published its findings in a long series, grouped as four volumes, from 1955 onwards. The hieron, one of the best-preserved and most complete series of fourth-century structures contained a series of buildings of unusual construction, ranged on several formal terraces. In its synthesis of Achaemenid and Ionian features it foreshadowed Hellenistic style.
The sacred precinct was entered through one of two marble Ionic propylea at the southeast corner of the site. The Ionic temple of Zeus[5] bore a dedicatory inscription of the brother of Mausolus, Idrieus (351-44 BCE);[6] it had a simplified, two-part architrave, and a low ceiling to the small cella.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Herodotus, v.119
- ^ The cultural background is presented in S. Hornblower, Mausolus (Oxfird: Clarendon Press) 1982.
- ^ Alfred Westholm, Labraunda I.2 The Architecture of the Hieron, inscription no. 6 (1963).
- ^ quoting Journal of Hellenic Studies XXI. 108 (1901).
- ^ Published by Pontus Hellström and Thomas Theime, ''Labraunda I.3, The Temple of Zeus Labraunda: Swedish Excavations and Researches) 1982. ISBN 91-970338-2-0
- ^ Fragmentary inscriptions on the propylea are also restored as dedications of Idrieus.
[edit] External links
- Karlsson, Lars. The 2004 Season. Swedish Research Institute in Instanbul. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
- Labraunda.
