Knut Rød
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Knut Rød (30 June 1900 - 1986) was a Norwegian police officer responsible for the arrest, detention and transfer of Jewish men, women, and children to SS troops at Oslo harbor. For these and other actions related to the Holocaust in Norway, Rød was acquitted in two highly publicized trials during the legal purge in Norway after World War II that remain controversial to this day.[1] The trials and their outcome have since been dubbed the "strangest trial in post-war Norway."
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[edit] Background
Rød was born in Kristiania (today's Oslo) in 1900 and earned his law degree in 1927. He was immediately hired into the police department in Aker, serving under Jonas Søhr, who was noted in his time for opposing admission of Jewish refugees during World War I and for vilifying shechita, slaughter of animals in accordance with Jewish law. He was promoted to detective ("kriminalbetjent") in 1929 and to lieutenant ("førstebetjent") in 1937. When the police departments in Aker and Oslo were merged in 1940, he was transferred to the surveillance desk. He became a member of Nasjonal Samling on 4 January 1941, well after the German invasion of Norway.[2]
Rød joined the newly established Statspolitiet ("state police") and became the administrative head of the Oslo section. For reasons and under circumstances that remain unclear, Rød resigned from the state police in September 1943 and his membership in NS on 30 September 1943.[3]
[edit] Career in Statspolitiet
In the fall of 1941, Jonas Lie, the commissioned police minister in the Terboven administration, established Statspolitiet, consisting of several merged surveillance sections throughout the country. The force was initially 150 men strong and was under the command of Karl Marthinsen. Marthinsen was under the direct command of German authorities independently of Lie. All but four of the police officers in this group were members of NS. For the purposes of the operations related to the Holocaust, Rød was Martinsen's executive officer who acted on his authority in crucial moments.[4]
[edit] Arrests, detention, and deportation of Jews
The arrest, detention, deportation, and ultimate murder of Jews in Norway was effected through several steps. As a member of Statspolitiet, Rød participated in the arrest of Jewish men in and around Oslo on 26 October 1942, and in the confiscation of Jewish property at the same time. However, he was given field command authority for the police action on 25 and 26 November 1942, in which 532 Jews were forced on board the D/S Donau and sent to Stettin and ultimately Auschwitz, where all but eight perished.
The ground operations were complex and had to be planned and executed on one day's notice. Under Martinsen and Rød's command, his section made up lists of Jewish women, children, patients, and elderly who were not yet arrested and detained. He organized 100 squads, each consisting of a police officer, a squad leader and two assistants, typically Hird members, SS soldiers, or other police officers. A taxi was requisitioned for each squad. Each squad was given a list of four addresses. The plan was that each member would arrest and detain a family, and the taxi would take each family to the pier in turn. At 4:30 am, 100 taxis were parked outside the police station in the Majorstuen section of Oslo.[5]
Statspolitiet made a head start on this mission the night before by arresting Jewish patients at hospitals, psychiatric institutions, nursing homes, etc. Although doctors often protested, seriously ill patients were transported to the pier and put on board the ship.[6]
[edit] Trials
After the liberation of Norway, Rød was arrested on 14 May 1945 and imprisoned at Ilebu, which was known as Grini concentration camp during the Nazi regime. He was charged with several violations, among them §86, providing comfort to the enemy; and the treason ordinances (landssvikandordningen) passed during the war and § 223 of the penal code (against kidnapping, though this was not included in the retrial).[7] Although few of the facts were in dispute, he was acquitted on 4-Feb-1946, against the objection of the professional judge. Three separate arguments were made in Rød's defence[8]:
- Cover - Rød's defence claimed that he had been a double agent for the Norwegian resistance, and that his cover would have been compromised, preventing him from performing more important work for the resistance. This was based on witness testimony by other police officers who had been involved in the arrest and deportation. It appeared likely that Rød in fact had passed information to resistance members within the police department, but there is no evidence he did this to warn the Jews or the resistance of the pending arrest and deportation.
- Coercion - as was the case with many officials involved with the Holocaust, Rød claimed that he had no real choice in the matter. The defense argued that if he had refused to obey orders from his superiors, he would have been subject to arrest and possible deportation himself.
- Professionalism - Rød's defense maintained that his responsibilities had been limited to "technical" police work that he had performed conscientiously and in a humane manner.
The majority of panel found that Rød had been put in a difficult position during these events, and that his judgment in participation in the "technical" aspects of the actions was justified. Rød had argued that he had conducted the arrests in a "humane" manner, and that his participation had prevented German police from taking over the Norwegian police authority and doing greater harm. The court also accepted the "camouflage" argument, namely that Rød's cover as a collaborating police officer, would have been jeopardized had he resisted the order to arrest and transfer the Jews. The lone dissenting judge, judge Cappelen, noted that "there is nothing that indicates that the accused - as he stood before these crimes - had patriotic duties of such importance and that were so closely tied to his role in the state police that his leading participation in the arrest of Jews can be justified."
The acquittal was vacated on appeal and the case was retried on 9 April 1948. He was again acquitted, this time by a unanimous panel.
Rød applied to be reinstated in the police but was rejected. He sued and prevailed, with the city court in Oslo ordering him to be reinstated in the Oslo police department. The Oslo police and Norwegian department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway, but were overruled. On 15 April 1950, the police in Oslo sent a "cool" letter to Rød, "noting" that he was to resume his duties on June 1st that year at 9 am.
No credible evidence was presented at either of these trials to support Rød's contention that he had done anything to warn Jews about their pending arrest and deportation. Although the resistance had infiltrated virtually every police agency in Norway, they only found out about the deportation late in the day of 25 November.
In its acquittal, the court said that Rød's action "were necessary in order for him to perform the other, far, more important resistance work. He has the entire time pursued his plan to damage enemy and benefit his country men. The accused is therefore acquitted."[9]
[edit] Aftermath
A noted professor of law and criminology, Knut Sveri, wrote an article on the case against Rød on the occasion of Johs. Andenæs's 70th birthday, titled "Landssvikoppgjørets merkeligste rettssak," ("the strangest trial in the post-war treason trials"). This formed the basis for a public debate on the matter that has lasted more than 20 years. The central issue has been what sense of justice motivated the jury in two trials to believe that any consideration could have justified contributing to the murder of hundreds of Jews, in what has been referred to as the "greatest crime in Norway during World War II."[10][11]
On 26 November 2006, the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities put on permanent display a statue of Rød by the sculptor Victor Lind, where Rød is depicted wearing a Nazi uniform, his arm raised in a "Sieg Heil" salute. The center also held a symposium on the issue, concluding that Jews were considered outside the collective - before, during, and after the war - to the extent that Norwegians thought the deportation somehow was an external matter.[12][13]
Following this, a Norwegian Supreme Court justice, Georg Fr. Rieber-Mohn, published on 14 February 2007 an op-ed piece in Dagbladet where he found that the acquittal was appropriate on a strictly legal basis, because, in order for § 86 - giving aid and comfort to the enemy - to apply, the totality of the defendant's actions had to be considered; and in this case the panel felt that Rød's assistance to the resistance under cover of being a police officer for the Nazis outweighed the damage he had done by deporting the Jews.[14] This resulted in a further debate about the issue that cut across several papers; the central issue was whether Rød's assistance to the resistance outweighed his role in the deportations.
[edit] References
- ^ “He didn’t mean to harm any good Norwegian” – the acquittal of Knut Rød, one of the organisers of the Norwegian Jew’s deportation to Auschwitz, Seventh European Social Science History conference 26 February - 1 March 2008 retrieved 10 March 2008
- ^ Søbye, Espen [2003]. Kathe, alltid vært i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Oktober, p. 94. ISBN 82-7094-926-4.
- ^ Søbye, p.94
- ^ Søbye, p. 108
- ^ Søbye, p.109
- ^ Søbye, p. 110
- ^ Torp-Holte, Torill; Bjarte Bruland, Mats Tangestuen. "Forskjønnelsen av det heslige", Oslo: Dagbladet. Retrieved on 2008-03-11. (Norwegian)
- ^ Johansen, Per Ole [2006]. På siden av rettsoppgjøret. Unipub, pps 54-72. ISBN 978-82-7477-233-5.
- ^ Sauge, Birgitte. Victor Lind - Contemporary Memory (Norwegian). The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. “...var nødvendige for at han kunne utføre det annet meget mer betydningsfulle motstandsarbeid. Han har den hele tid fulgt sin plan om å skade fienden og gagne sine landsmenn. Tiltalte blir derfor å frikjenne”
- ^ Dypvik, Astrid Sverresdotter. "Ei ubehageleg historie", Morgenbladet, 2006-11-24. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. (Norwegian)
- ^ Per Ole Johansen (December 2000). "Politiet har fortsatt et renommé å ivareta" - Arrestasjonene og deportasjonen av norske jøder høsten 1942 (Norwegian). Festskrift til Victor Lind. Kulturnett. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
- ^ Gjerningsmannen Knut Rød (Norwegian). Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities (11 2006). Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
- ^ Madsen, Per Anders. "Holocausthjelperen som gikk fri", Aftenposten, 01-Dec-2006. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. (Norwegian) "Frifinnelsen var mulig fordi Røds ofre, de norske jødene, var utsondret fra det nasjonale fellesskap som rettsoppgjøret bidro til å konsolidere. De tilhørte ikke det store vi - hverken før, under eller etter krigen...Det gjør den også for et samfunn som hyppigere enn noen gang må spørre seg selv hva "nordmann", "flerkulturelt" og "nasjonal fellesskap" egentlig betyr."
- ^ Riebert-Mohn, Georg Fr.. "En skandaløs frifinnelse?", Dagbladet, 2007-14-02. Retrieved on 2008-03-11. "I den utstrekning Rød, under dekke av å være nazist og avdelingsleder i Stapo, også utførte en rekke handlinger som var til skade for okkupasjonsmakten og til nytte for den norske motstandsbevegelsen, måtte hele hans virksomhet sees under ett før man kunne ta stilling til om han ga fienden «bistand» og derved ble rammet av § 86."
