Kenneth Clarke
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| The Right Honourable Kenneth Clarke QC, MP |
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| In office 27 May 1993 – 2 May 1997 |
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| Prime Minister | John Major |
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| Preceded by | Norman Lamont |
| Succeeded by | Gordon Brown |
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| In office 10 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 |
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| Prime Minister | John Major |
| Preceded by | Kenneth Baker |
| Succeeded by | Michael Howard |
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| In office 2 November 1990 – 10 April 1992 |
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| Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher John Major |
| Preceded by | John MacGregor |
| Succeeded by | John Patten |
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| In office 25 July 1988 – 2 November 1990 |
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| Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher |
| Preceded by | John Moore |
| Succeeded by | William Waldegrave |
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| In office 13 July 1987 – 25 July 1988 |
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| Prime Minister | Margaret Thatcher |
| Preceded by | Norman Tebbit |
| Succeeded by | Tony Newton |
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Member of Parliament
for Rushcliffe |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 18 June 1970 |
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| Preceded by | Antony Gardner |
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| Born | 2 July 1940 Nottingham, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Gillian Edwards |
| Alma mater | Caius College, Cambridge |
Rt Hon Kenneth Harry Clarke, QC, MP, (born 2 July 1940) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He is MP for Rushcliffe, near Nottingham. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1993 until 1997, and a minister throughout all 18 years of Conservative rule from 1979 to 1997. He has contested the leadership of the party three times (in 1997, 2001 and 2005), being defeated each time.
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[edit] Early Life
Born in Nottingham, England in 1940, Clarke was educated at Nottingham High School (then a "direct grant" school) and went on to study law at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge where he graduated with a 2:1. He had joined the Conservatives while at university, where he was chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. As a student, he controversially invited the former British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley to speak for a second year in succession,[1] leading some Jewish students (including his future successor at the Home Office Michael Howard) to resign from CUCA in protest. Clarke was defeated for the presidency of the Cambridge Union Society by Howard, although he was subsequently elected President of the Union a year later. In an early 1990s documentary journalist Michael Cockerell played Clarke tape recordings of himself speaking at the Cambridge Union as a young man; Clarke displayed amusement at the stereotypically upper class accent with which he spoke at the time.
On leaving Cambridge, Clarke was called to the Bar in 1963.
[edit] Member of Parliament
Clarke sought election to the House of Commons almost immediately after university. He cut his teeth by fighting the Labour stronghold of Mansfield in the 1964 and 1966 elections. In June 1970, at the age of 29, he gained the East Midlands constituency of Rushcliffe, south of Nottingham, from Labour MP Tony Gardner. Labour has never come close to winning the seat since, but Gardner's 1966 victory was partly due to the unpopular sitting Tory MP whom he defeated. Clarke has sat for Rushcliffe (on changed boundaries) ever since, making him by 2005 one of the longest serving of all MPs.
He was soon appointed a Government whip - from 1972 to 1974 - where he helped ensure that the Heath administration won key votes on entry to the European Community with the assistance of Labour rebels. Even though he opposed the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975, he was appointed as her industry spokesman from 1976 to 1979, and then occupied a wide range of ministerial positions during her premiership, from 1979 onwards. He was appointed QC in 1980.
[edit] In the government
Clarke served as junior transport minister, and then as Minister of State for Health (1982-85). He joined the Cabinet as Paymaster General and Employment Minister (1985-87) (his Secretary of State, Lord Young, was in the Lords), and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister at the DTI (1987-88), with responsibility for the Inner Cities ("because," as one wag put it, "he looked like he lived in one").
He was appointed Health Secretary in 1988, introducing the 'internal market' concept in the NHS, before being appointed Education Secretary in the final weeks of Thatcher's government, in the reshuffle caused by Sir Geoffrey Howe's resignation (the job had been offered to Norman Tebbit, who declined to return to the Cabinet). He was famously the first Cabinet minister to advise Thatcher to resign after her inadequate first-round performance in the November 1990 leadership contest; she referred to him in her memoirs as a "candid friend". He supported Douglas Hurd in the next round.
Despite the victory of John Major in that contest, he came to work with Thatcher's successor very closely, and quickly emerged as a central figure in his government. After continuing as Education Secretary (1990-92), where he introduced a number of reforms, he was appointed as Home Secretary in the wake of the Conservatives' unexpected victory at the 1992 general election. In May 1993, seven months after the impact of 'Black Wednesday' had terminally damaged the credibility of Norman Lamont as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Major forced Lamont to resign from that office and appointed Clarke in his place.
[edit] Chancellor of Exchequer
At first Clarke was seen as the dominant figure in the Cabinet, and at the October 1993 Conference he "defended" Major from his critics by announcing "Any enemy of John Major is an enemy of mine" in a manner widely seen as overbearing. By the time of the Redwood leadership challenge in June 1995 there were even rumours (always denied) that Major had offered the Exchequer to Heseltine.
Clarke enjoyed an increasingly successful record as Chancellor, as the economy recovered from the recession of the early 1990s and a new monetary policy was put into effect after Black Wednesday. He was able to reduce the basic rate of Income Tax from 25 to 23%, as well as reduce the share of GDP consumed by government spending, and halve the budget deficit[citation needed].
Differences of opinion within the Cabinet on European policy, on which Clarke was one of the leading pro-Europeans, complicated his tenure as Chancellor. Whereas other ministers such as Malcolm Rifkind wished to imply that British euro membership was unlikely, Clarke fought successfully to maintain the possibility that Britain might join a European single currency under a Conservative government, but conceded that such a move could only take place on the basis of a referendum. When the 'Eurosceptic' Party Chairman, Brian Mawhinney, (allegedly) briefed against him, on one occasion, Clarke memorably declared: "Tell your kids to get their scooters off my lawn" - an allusion to Harold Wilson's rebuke of trade union leader Hugh Scanlon in the late 1960s.
Clarke is president of the moderate, pro-European ginger group within the Conservative Party, Tory Reform Group.
Since the Conservatives entered Opposition in 1997, Clarke has stood for the leadership of the Conservative Party three times. In 1997, a vote exclusively among Members of Parliament, he topped the poll in the first and second rounds.
[edit] Defeats for Party Leadership
In the third and final round he formed an alliance with Eurosceptic John Redwood, who would have become Shadow Chancellor and Clarke's deputy if Clarke had won the contest. This alliance of opposites earned Clarke little support from the eurosceptic right; Redwood was not able to deliver the votes of many of his followers after Lady Thatcher publicly endorsed Clarke's rival William Hague in a photocall outside the House of Commons, and the latter won the vote comfortably. The contest was criticised for not involving, except in an advisory role, the rank-and-file members of the party, where surveys showed Clarke to be more popular.
Ironically, in 2001, after coming first in the parliamentary ballot, Clarke lost in a final round among the rank-and-file membership—a new procedure introduced by Hague—to a much less experienced, but strongly Eurosceptic rival, Iain Duncan Smith. This loss, by a margin of 62% to 38%, was attributed to the former Chancellor's pro-European views being increasingly out of step with the dominant Euroscepticism of the party membership. In Opposition, Clarke has so far refused to accept any Shadow Cabinet position, having first been offered a senior role by Hague in 1997.
When Michael Howard stepped down after the Conservative's 2005 general election defeat, Clarke confirmed he would stand again for the position of party leader in autumn 2005, against the other expected contenders including Malcolm Rifkind, David Cameron, David Davis and Liam Fox. Refuting suggestions that at 65 he was too old to lead the party Clarke said that he was "overwhelmingly more popular" (amongst the voters at large) than his potential rivals. [2] Lord Tebbit accused Clarke of being "lazy" and said that voters would find his connections with the tobacco industry distasteful. [3]
Clarke's lack of involvement in front bench politics since 1997 meant that, unlike his leadership rivals, he was not associated with the policies and electoral failures of the Tory party under the leaderships of William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. In his campaign speeches Clarke attacked Tony Blair's "catastrophic error" in involving the UK in the war with Iraq [4] and accused the government of being "autocratic". "We have a Prime Minister who is more George III than Clement Attlee", he said.[5]
An ICM opinion poll conducted for Newsnight on 5 September 2005 gave Clarke a 40% approval rating for leader (amongst the public) as against 10% for the man then perceived as his nearest rival, David Davis. Nevertheless, Clarke was knocked out in the first round of the 2005 leadership contest. Clarke polled 38 votes against 42 for Liam Fox, 56 for David Cameron and 62 for David Davis. David Cameron became Conservative Leader after a run off with Davis in December 2005.
Cameron appointed Clarke to head a Democracy task force as part of his extensive 18-month policy review in December 2005, exploring issues such as the reform of the House of Lords and party funding.
[edit] Corporate career
As a backbencher, Clarke has taken a number of non-executive directorships and engaged in non-political media work, including serving as Deputy Chairman of British American Tobacco (BAT) (1998-2007) and Deputy Chairman of Alliance Unichem, and has faced allegations over the activities of BAT in lobbying the developing world to reject stronger health warnings on cigarette packets and evidence that his corporation has been involved in smuggling.[6] He has presented several series of jazz programmes on BBC Radio Four, including one on his namesake, bebop drummer Kenny Clarke.
Clarke has been a Chairman (non-executive) of Unichem, a director of Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust and Deputy Chairman and director of British American Tobacco. Clarke has written a monthly column for Financial Mail on Sunday (£10,001-£15,000) and weekly commentary or interview for Bloomberg Television (£10,001-£15,000). Clarke has occasionally worked in journalism and lecturing, on a self-employed basis.[1]
[edit] Personal Life
Ken Clarke's principal interests are jazz, birdwatching, reading political history and watching most kinds of sport (he is a big fan of Nottingham Forest). He attended the 1966 World Cup final and claims (with a little jest) to have been influential in persuading the man known vernacularly as "the Russian linesman" Tofik Bakhramov (who was actually from Azerbaijan), to award a goal to Geoff Hurst when the England striker had seen his shot hit the crossbar of opponents West Germany and bounce down, leaving doubt as to whether the ball had crossed the line. Clarke's position in the Wembley crowd was right behind the linesman at the time, and he shouted at the official to award a goal. Clarke makes this claim in jest as Bakhramov understood no English at all.
Clarke is a former President of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club and a keen follower of Formula one motorsport. As a director of the tobacco giant BAT he was involved with their Formula One team British American Racing and has attended Grands Prix in support of the BAR team. BAR was sold to Honda in 2005.
Clarke is a lover of Real Ale and has been a member of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA).
He married Gillian Edwards, also a Cambridge graduate, in November 1964. They have two children - a son, and a daughter.
He sits on the Adivsory Board of Centaurus Capital, a London based hedge fund management company.
He is a Director (non-executive) of Independent News and Media (UK).[2]
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmregmem/memi06.htm Register of Members' Interests
- ^ Kenneth Clarke MP
[edit] External links
- Tory Leadership blog
- "Conservative Leadership Watch" from the BBC (updated link - 2nd October 2005)
- Conservative Party - Kenneth Clarke official biography
- Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Kenneth Clarke MP
- TheyWorkForYou.com - Kenneth Clarke MP
- The Public Whip - Kenneth Clarke MP
- BBC News - Kenneth Clarke profile 15 February, 2005
- George Monbiot, The Guardian, 23 August 2005, "Smoke and mirrors"
- A Rushcliffe pupil interviews Kenneth Clarke for Radiowaves (2008)
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Antony Gardner |
Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe 1970 – present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by John Gummer |
Paymaster-General 1985–1987 |
Succeeded by Peter Brooke |
| Preceded by Norman Tebbit |
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1987–1988 |
Succeeded by Tony Newton |
| Preceded by Secretary of State for Social Services John Moore |
Secretary of State for Health 1988–1990 |
Succeeded by William Waldegrave |
| Preceded by John MacGregor |
Secretary of State for Education and Science 1990–1992 |
Succeeded by John Patten |
| Preceded by Kenneth Baker |
Home Secretary 1992–1993 |
Succeeded by Michael Howard |
| Preceded by Norman Lamont |
Chancellor of the Exchequer 1993–1997 |
Succeeded by Gordon Brown |
