John George Haigh
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John George Haigh (July 24, 1909 — August 10, 1949), nicknamed the "Acid Bath Murderer", was an English serial killer during the 1940s. He was convicted of the murders of six people, although he claimed to have killed a total of nine, dissolving their bodies in sulphuric acid before forging papers in order to sell their possessions and collect substantial sums of money. He acted under the mistaken belief that police needed a body before they could bring a charge of murder. He was convicted through forensic evidence and executed.
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[edit] Early life
Haigh was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire and grew up in the nearby village of Outwood, West Yorkshire. His parents, John and Emily, were members of the Plymouth Brethren. He was confined to living within a 10 ft (3 m) fence that his father put up around their garden to lock out the outside world. Haigh would later claim he suffered from recurring religious nightmares in his childhood.
Haigh won a scholarship to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. Claims were made that a desk carved with his name remained at the school (and caretakers would run trips to the cellars to show it to first year pupils), but they were put aside when a teacher of 30 years at the school said the desk was removed over 20 years ago. He then won another scholarship, his parents having switched their beliefs from nonconformism to the high church of Wakefield Cathedral, where he became a choirboy.
Haigh developed a passion for cars. After school he was apprenticed to a firm of motor engineers. After a year he left that job, and took jobs in insurance and advertising. At age 21, he was fired after being suspected of stealing from a cash box. In 1934, Haigh stopped attending his parents' church.
[edit] Marriage and imprisonment
On July 6, 1934 Haigh married the 21-year-old Betty Hammer. The marriage soon floundered. The same year Haigh was jailed for fraud. Betty gave birth while he was in prison but she gave the baby up for adoption and left Haigh.
On his release he was jailed again — this time for 15 months — for a fraud involving cars bought on hire purchase. After his release he tried to go straight by starting a dry cleaning business, but it failed when his business partner was killed in a motorcycle accident.
He then moved to London and became chauffeur to William McSwann, the wealthy owner of an amusement park. Haigh and McSwann became friends but Haigh still wanted to set himself up in business. He became a bogus solicitor and received a four year jail sentence for fraud. Haigh was released just after the start of World War II, then jailed again for theft.
While in prison he dreamed up what he considered the perfect murder of being able to destroying the body by dissolving it with acid. He experimented with mice and found it took only 30 minutes for the body to disappear.[citation needed]
[edit] The "Acid Bath" murders
He was freed in 1944 and became an accountant with an engineering firm. Soon after, by chance, he bumped into McSwann in the Goat pub in Kensington. McSwann introduced Haigh to his parents, Donald and Amy, who mentioned that they had invested in property. On September 6, 1944, McSwann disappeared. Haigh later said he hit him over the head after luring him into a basement at 79 Gloucester Road, London SW7. He then put McSwann’s body into a 40-gallon drum and tipped sulphuric acid on to it. Two days later he returned to find the body had become sludge, which he poured down a manhole.
He told McSwann’s parents, Donald and Amy, that their son had fled to Scotland to avoid being called up for military service. Haigh then took over McSwann’s house and when Donald and Amy become curious as to why their son had not returned after the war was coming to an end, he murdered them too - on July 2, 1945, he lured them to Gloucester Road and disposed of them.
Haigh stole Donald McSwann’s pension cheques, sold their properties — making about £8,000 — and moved into the Onslow Court hotel in Kensington. By the summer of 1947 Haigh, a gambler, was running short of money so he found another couple to kill and rob: Dr Archibald Henderson and his wife Rose, whom he met after purporting to show interest in a house they were selling.
He rented a small workshop in Leopold Road Crawley, West Sussex, and moved acid and drums there from Gloucester Road. On February 12, 1948, he drove Henderson to Crawley, on the pretext of showing him an invention. When they arrived he shot him in the head with a revolver he had earlier stolen from the doctor’s house. He then lured Mrs. Henderson to the workshop, claiming her husband had fallen ill, and shot her.
After disposing of the bodies in acid he forged a letter from the Hendersons and sold all their possessions for £8,000, except their dog, which he kept.
[edit] Last victim and capture
Haigh's next and last victim was Olive Durand-Deacon, 69, a widow and fellow resident at the Onslow Court. She mentioned to Haigh, by then calling himself an engineer, an idea that she had for artificial fingernails. He invited her down to the Crawley workshop on February 18, 1949, and once inside he shot her in the back of the head, stripped her of her valuables, including a Persian lamb coat, and put her into the acid bath. Two days later Durand-Deacon’s friend, Constance Lane, reported her missing.
Detectives soon discovered Haigh’s record of theft and fraud and searched the workshop. Police not only found Haigh’s attaché case containing a dry cleaner’s receipt for Mrs Durand-Deacon’s coat, but also papers referring to the Hendersons and McSwanns. Further investigation of the sludge at the workshop by the pathologist Keith Simpson revealed three human gallstones.
Questioned by Detective Inspector Albert Webb, Haigh asked him: "Tell me, frankly, what are the chances of anybody being released from Broadmoor?". The inspector said he could not discuss that sort of thing, so Haigh replied: "Well, if I told you the truth, you would not believe me. It sounds too fantastic to believe."
Haigh then confessed that he had not only killed Durand-Deacon, the McSwanns and Hendersons, but also three other people: a young man called Max, a girl from Eastbourne, and a woman from Hammersmith.
[edit] Trial and execution
After arrest, Haigh was remanded in custody in Cell 2 of Horsham Police Station when it was in Barttelot Road. He was charged with murder at the nearby courthouse in what is now known as the Old Town Hall.
The Attorney-General, Sir Hartley Shawcross KC, (later Lord Shawcross) led for the prosecution at Lewes Assizes, and urged the jury to reject the Haigh’s defence of insanity because he had acted with malice aforethought.
Sir David Maxwell Fyfe KC, defending, called many witnesses to attest to Haigh’s mental state, including Dr. Henry Yellowlees who claimed Haigh had a paranoid constitution, adding: "The absolute callous, cheerful, bland and almost friendly indifference of the accused to the crimes which he freely admits having committed is unique in my experience."
It took only minutes for the jury to find Haigh guilty. Mr Justice Travers Humphreys sentenced him to death.
It was reported that Haigh, in the condemned cell at Wandsworth Prison, asked one of his jailers, Jack Morwood, whether it would be possible to have a trial run of his hanging so everything would run smoothly. It is likely that his request went no further, or, if it did, the request was denied. Haigh was led to the gallows and hanged by Chief Executioner Albert Pierrepoint on August 10, 1949.
The case of John George Haigh was one of the post-1945 cases which gained a lot of media coverage at the time. Along with the case of Neville Heath, it attracted a great deal of coverage in the newspapers even though Haigh's guilt (as with Heath) was not questioned. In the case of Haigh, it was also the method of disposal which has given him his place in criminal history.
[edit] Haigh’s victims
- William Donald McSwann, 6 September 1944
- Donald McSwann, 2 July 1945
- Amy McSwann, 2 July 1945
- Archibald Henderson, 12 February 1948
- Rosalie Henderson, 12 February 1948
- Olive Henrietta Robarts Durand-Deacon, 18 February 1949
[edit] Television and Radio dramatisation
John George Haigh was portrayed by Martin Clunes in the ITV drama A is for Acid.
The Haigh case was dramatized on the BBC radio series The Black Museum in 1952 under the title of "The Jar of Acid".
[edit] Popular culture
In the survival horror game Clock Tower 3, the second subordinate encountered is a man named John George Haigh, whom you see murdering a mother and her son in an acid bath.
[edit] See also
- John Bodkin Adams, suspected serial killer and also a member of the Plymouth Brethren.
[edit] Sources
- The Times, court reports, 9 and 26 March 1949; 29 July 1949; 19 January 1951.[[
