Jean-Louis Gassée
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jean-Louis Gassée (born March 1944 in Paris, France) was an executive at Apple Computer from 1981 to 1990. He is most famous for founding Be Inc., creators of the BeOS computer operating system. After leaving BeOS, he became Chairman of PalmSource, Inc. in November, 2004.
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[edit] Career
[edit] 1980s: Apple Computer
Gassée worked for Hewlett Packard before becoming head of Apple France. Later, Apple's CEO John Sculley personally appointed Gassée to Steve Jobs' old position as head of Macintosh development. Gassée introduced several Macintosh products on-stage in the late 80s including the Macintosh Portable in 1989, and also the Macintosh IIfx. In his product introductions, he was often very comical. Gassé was less formal than many executives. He wore tailored suits when necessary, but he often addressed employees wearing only a black (lambskin) leather jacket and a single diamond-stud earring.
When the idea of licensing the Mac OS for other companies use was brought up by various members of Apple, Jean-Louis refused to give in to the idea, maintaining that the Macintosh was more powerful than any other computer at the present, and had a superior architectural roadmap for future expansion than any other computer. Although many of the companies were interested (such as AT&T, for the use of the OS in their own equipment—they were so interested in this idea that the then-CEO of AT&T made a personal phone call to Sculley), Gassée would have none of it, and so the idea of licensing the Mac OS was shelved.
In 1987, Apple CEO John Sculley published his memoir Odyssey. In the hope of inspiring "excellence," he ordered a copy for each Apple employee, at Apple's expense. Shortly afterwards, Gasseé ordered a copy of Fred Brooks's The Mythical Man-Month for all product-development employees, in the hope of inspiring good sense in project management. Brooks gave a lecture at nearby De Anza College: the room was filled with Apple employees with copies of his book, who told him stories that confirmed his conclusions.
In 1988, Gassée became head of Apple's advanced product development and worldwide marketing, and rumors of his taking over as president of Apple from Sculley were circling. Other rumors concerning Michael Spindler were also circulating. At one point in 1990, a number of Apple employees held a demonstration, marching around in circles, carrying signs, on the lawn in front of one Apple building, to petition Apple management to retain Gassée. A USA Today reporter saw the demonstration and asked an employee what it was about. The employee, well aware of Apple's rules on divulging trade secrets to the press, succinctly explained the issues. The next day,USA Today reported that Apple employees, many wearing black leather jackets and berets in honor of Gassée, had demonstrated to persuade management keep him at Apple. In fact, the only person wearing a leather jacket (a brown goatskin A-2) and a beret had been the person whom she had asked to explain the purpose of the demonstration.
Despite Gassée's efforts and those of his supporters, in 1990 he left Apple, forced out by Sculley and Apple board members dissatisfied with his performance in delivering new products. Spindler got the top job.
[edit] 1991—2002: Be Incorporated
In 1991 Gassée started a new venture, Be Inc., with the ambitious goal of creating an entire new computer platform, hardware and software, from the ground up. A number of Apple employees left with him, including Steve Sakoman, the developer of the Apple Newton. Be developed a new operating system, optimized for multiple CPUs and multithreaded applications, which became known simply as "the Be Operating System," or BeOS.
BeOS was written for Be's own dual-processor machine, the BeBox; later development releases of BeOS were ported to run on the Macintosh, and Macintosh clone makers, including Power Computing and Motorola, signed deals to ship BeOS with their hardware when the OS was finalized. In light of this, Be stopped production on the BeBox after selling only around 2000 units, and focused entirely on development of BeOS.
In 1996, Apple Computer decided to abandon Copland, the project to rewrite and modernize the Macintosh operating system. BeOS had many of the features Apple sought, and around Christmastime they offered to buy Be for $120 million, later raising its bid to $200 million. However, despite estimates of Be's total worth at approximately $80 million, Gassée held out for $400 million, and Apple balked. In a surprise move, Apple went on to purchase NeXT, the company their former CEO Steve Jobs had earlier left Apple to found, for $400 million. NeXTSTEP was used as the basis for their new operating system, Mac OS X.
After the return of Jobs, Apple withdrew the license to make Macintosh clones. With Intel's assistance, BeOS moved to "Plan B", a port to the x86 platform. While it arguably never grew past a cult following, it sold enough copies to have a nascent development and user community, and had several thousand programs available for it, including several dozen commercial products. BeOS was also used as an embedded operating system in multimedia production systems from Edirol, TEAC and Level Control Systems. However, partially due to behind the scenes pressure from Microsoft, Be was not successful in getting top-tier OEMs to bundle BeOS with their hardware - only Hitachi and AST (who were major in Europe at the time) did so - which Gassée saw as fundamental to their success.
At the end of 1999, Be had a "focus shift," giving their desktop OS away for free (with commercial distributions sold by third-party vendors, similar to Linux distributions) to focus on BeIA, a build of BeOS specifically targeted to internet appliances. The company lost several employees who disagreed with this strategy and who had no desire to work on an appliance OS. While there was vendor interest in BeIA and at least one shipping product based on it (the Sony eVilla), the market for internet appliances proved to be nearly non-existent, and Be laid off most of its employees in 2001, with its assets and the remaining engineers being bought by Palm, Inc. for $11 million that August. Gassée stayed on through that transition, but left in January 2002.
[edit] 2002—Present: After Be, Inc.
After leaving Be, Gassée served as president and CEO of Computer Access Technology Corporation (CATC), a company which made network protocol analyzers, but left within a year. (CATC was purchased in fall 2004 by LeCroy Corporation, a competitor.) Gassée resurfaced as a general partner at Allegis Capital, a venture capital fund based in Palo Alto, California.
In November 2004, Gassée became chairman of PalmSource, Inc., where several former Be executives and engineers still worked. BeOS technology was being worked on for use in Palm OS "Cobalt" (Version 6), but as of February 2006, there are no major customers—including Palm, Inc. itself—who have committed to using the Cobalt release.
In March 2006, he started writing a blog (in French) called Le blog de Jean-Louis Gassée (or, in English: Jean-Louis Gassée's Blog). The blog was active for a month and contains only four entries.
He was recently seen at a Google Tech Talk in February of 2007.
[edit] A witness of his times
Jean-Louis Gassée in an interview with Amazing Computing magazine candidly admitted that in 1985:
"When the Amiga came out, everyone [at Apple] was scared as hell." (Amazing Computing, November 1996).
This phrase is a strong testimony of the situation of the eighties from the privileged point of view of Gassée at Apple. In those times the situation of information technology was very fluid and the competition amongst various platforms was fierce. The computer was still represented by 8-bit platforms such as the Commodore 64. Intel ruled the productivity business and began to be present in many offices with the PC XT compatible platform, based on its 16-bit 8088 processor. The launch of 16/32-bit hybrid systems based on the Motorola 68000 processor, such as the Macintosh, Atari ST and Amiga systems, created a true revolution in the market and led the first steps to enablling computers to evolve into true multimedia systems. Windows 1.x was soon going to be released.
At the time, Unix was just for universities, big factories and the military, and an OS like Linux would have been considered just a dream. Though the GNU project was already started, it was just at its beginning, with just Emacs complete, and it was not well known outside the Unix world. Linux did not even exist yet. Apple in 1985 had a clear view of the situation, and they knew that the market was evolving. The arrival of a formidable competitor such as the Amiga 1000 with 12-bit palette all visible on screen with a 320x256 (or 320x512, interlaced) HAM 4096 color resolution and a maximum of 640x512 x 16 color resolution (720x576 in overscan mode), 4 x 8-bit audio channels, preemptive multitasking OS, and DMA capable custom chipset versus the Mac with only a monochrome 512x342 resolution let Apple employees sense that they could have been wiped out from the market. It was a lucid understanding of the situation because any platform in those times could become a leader, conquer the market and establish its standards, being recognized as a worldwide leader. Ultimately, Apple survived, becoming a serious competitor to Windows, while Commodore declared bankruptcy in 1994. These candid words of Gassée are a mirror of the market situation in the eighties, with all its commercial wars, when the world of personal computing was in its infancy, not yet dominated by the omnipresence of Windows.
[edit] References
- Jean-Louis Gassée, The Third Apple: Personal Computers & the Cultural Revolution, February 1987 (212 pages), ISBN 0151898502
[edit] External links
- Le blog de Jean-Louis Gassée
- Jean-Louis Gassée General Partner of Allegis Capital
- How Jean Louis Gassée Changed the Mac's Direction by Tom Hormby
- Interview with Jean Louis Gassée, President and Founder of Be, Inc. (Dec 1995)
- Jean-Louis Gassée on why PC manufacturers don't sell non MS products
- 1987 interview with Jean-Louis Gassée by Don Swaim at Wired for Books.
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