Israel's Department Store
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Israel's Department Store in Berlin, also known as Nathan Israel's Department Store and House of Israel, was one of the largest retail establishments in Europe during the 1930s.[2]
Because it was owned by a Jewish family, the store was boycotted by the German government when the National Socialists came to power in 1933, ransacked during Kristallnacht in 1938, then handed over by the Nazis to a non-Jewish family. The descendants of the original owners began to receive compensation for their losses after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
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[edit] Origins
The business was started in 1815 by Nathan Israel as a small second-hand store at the Molkenmarkt in Berlin. By 1925, it employed over 2,000 people, and was a member of the Berlin stock exchange.[3]
[edit] Boycott and Kristallnacht
On April 1, 1933, the department store's four-story building on the Alexanderplatz was boycotted by the Nazis, who positioned stormtroopers by the main doors holding placards with the words: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews."[1]
The building was ransacked and set on fire during Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, though firemen were able to put out the blaze.[4] Later that same year, the company was handed over by the Nazis to the non-Jewish Emil Köster AG, and in 1939, it reopened as Das Haus im Zentrum, its "aryanization" complete, according to the Israel family's papers.[3] The family is credited with having helped most of the store's Jewish employees, especially their children, to leave Germany before the war began.[1]
[edit] After the takeover
Following the takeover of the store, Wilfrid Israel, who had run the business with his brother, emigrated to Romania, where he took up a research position at Universitatea. From there, he tried to establish contact with the German underground through Sir Stafford Cripps, Britain's foreign minister, and organized ship transports for Jewish children escaping from Europe. He died in 1943 along with the actor Leslie Howard, when their civilian plane was shot down by the Luftwaffe over the Bay of Biscay. Their plane was allegedly flying as a decoy so that another plane, which carried Winston Churchill, could land safely.[3]
Because Israel's Department Store was situated in what became East Berlin, the Israel family first began to receive compensation for their financial losses after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.[3]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c "Boycotts", Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota, retrieved September 6, 2006.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. HarperCollins, 2006, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d "Guide to the Papers of the Israel Family 1814-1996", AR 25140, Leo Baeck Institute, Center for Jewish History, retrieved September 6, 2006.
- ^ "The Road to World War II", Western New England College.
