Isotopes of rubidium
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Rubidium (Rb) has 24 isotopes, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; Rb-85 (72.2%) and the radioactive Rb-87 (27.8%). Normal mixes of rubidium are radioactive enough to fog photographic film in approximately 30 to 60 days. Standard atomic mass is 85.4678(3) u
Rb-87 has a half-life of 4.88×1010 years. It readily substitutes for potassium in minerals, and is therefore fairly widespread. Rb has been used extensively in dating rocks; Rb-87 decays to stable strontium-87 by emission of a negative beta particle. During fractional crystallization, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. Highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio. The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered. See rubidium-strontium dating for a more detailed discussion.
[edit] Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||
| 71Rb | 37 | 34 | 70.96532(54)# | 5/2-# | |||
| 72Rb | 37 | 35 | 71.95908(54)# | <1.5 µs | 3+# | ||
| 72mRb | 100(100)# keV | 1# µs | 1-# | ||||
| 73Rb | 37 | 36 | 72.95056(16)# | <30 ns | 3/2-# | ||
| 74Rb | 37 | 37 | 73.944265(4) | 64.76(3) ms | (0+) | ||
| 75Rb | 37 | 38 | 74.938570(8) | 19.0(12) s | (3/2-) | ||
| 76Rb | 37 | 39 | 75.9350722(20) | 36.5(6) s | 1(-) | ||
| 76mRb | 316.93(8) keV | 3.050(7) µs | (4+) | ||||
| 77Rb | 37 | 40 | 76.930408(8) | 3.77(4) min | 3/2- | ||
| 78Rb | 37 | 41 | 77.928141(8) | 17.66(8) min | 0(+) | ||
| 78mRb | 111.20(10) keV | 5.74(5) min | 4(-) | ||||
| 79Rb | 37 | 42 | 78.923989(6) | 22.9(5) min | 5/2+ | ||
| 80Rb | 37 | 43 | 79.922519(7) | 33.4(7) s | 1+ | ||
| 80mRb | 494.4(5) keV | 1.6(2) µs | 6+ | ||||
| 81Rb | 37 | 44 | 80.918996(6) | 4.570(4) h | 3/2- | ||
| 81mRb | 86.31(7) keV | 30.5(3) min | 9/2+ | ||||
| 82Rb | 37 | 45 | 81.9182086(30) | 1.273(2) min | 1+ | ||
| 82mRb | 69.0(15) keV | 6.472(5) h | 5- | ||||
| 83Rb | 37 | 46 | 82.915110(6) | 86.2(1) d | 5/2- | ||
| 83mRb | 42.11(4) keV | 7.8(7) ms | 9/2+ | ||||
| 84Rb | 37 | 47 | 83.914385(3) | 33.1(1) d | 2- | ||
| 84mRb | 463.62(9) keV | 20.26(4) min | 6- | ||||
| 85Rb | 37 | 48 | 84.911789738(12) | STABLE | 5/2- | 0.7217(2) | |
| 86Rb | 37 | 49 | 85.91116742(21) | 18.642(18) d | 2- | ||
| 86mRb | 556.05(18) keV | 1.017(3) min | 6- | ||||
| 87Rb | 37 | 50 | 86.909180527(13) | 4.923(22)E+10 a | 3/2- | 0.2783(2) | |
| 88Rb | 37 | 51 | 87.91131559(17) | 17.773(11) min | 2- | ||
| 89Rb | 37 | 52 | 88.912278(6) | 15.15(12) min | 3/2- | ||
| 90Rb | 37 | 53 | 89.914802(7) | 158(5) s | 0- | ||
| 90mRb | 106.90(3) keV | 258(4) s | 3- | ||||
| 91Rb | 37 | 54 | 90.916537(9) | 58.4(4) s | 3/2(-) | ||
| 92Rb | 37 | 55 | 91.919729(7) | 4.492(20) s | 0- | ||
| 93Rb | 37 | 56 | 92.922042(8) | 5.84(2) s | 5/2- | ||
| 93mRb | 253.38(3) keV | 57(15) µs | (3/2-,5/2-) | ||||
| 94Rb | 37 | 57 | 93.926405(9) | 2.702(5) s | 3(-) | ||
| 95Rb | 37 | 58 | 94.929303(23) | 377.5(8) ms | 5/2- | ||
| 96Rb | 37 | 59 | 95.93427(3) | 202.8(33) ms | 2+ | ||
| 96mRb | 0(200)# keV | 200# ms [>1 ms] | 1(-#) | ||||
| 97Rb | 37 | 60 | 96.93735(3) | 169.9(7) ms | 3/2+ | ||
| 98Rb | 37 | 61 | 97.94179(5) | 114(5) ms | (0,1)(-#) | ||
| 98mRb | 290(130) keV | 96(3) ms | (3,4)(+#) | ||||
| 99Rb | 37 | 62 | 98.94538(13) | 50.3(7) ms | (5/2+) | ||
| 100Rb | 37 | 63 | 99.94987(32)# | 51(8) ms | (3+) | ||
| 101Rb | 37 | 64 | 100.95320(18) | 32(5) ms | (3/2+)# | ||
| 102Rb | 37 | 65 | 101.95887(54)# | 37(5) ms | |||
[edit] Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
[edit] References
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
| Isotopes of krypton | Isotopes of rubidium | Isotopes of strontium |
| Index to isotope pages · Table of nuclides | ||
