Irena Sendler
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| Irena Sendler | |
 Irena Sendler in 2005.
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| Born | February 15, 1910 Warsaw, Poland |
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| Died | May 12, 2008 (aged 98) Warsaw, Poland |
| Occupation | Social worker, humanitarian. |
Irena Sendler (in Polish also: Irena Sendlerowa; de domo Krzyżanowska; February 15, 1910 – May 12, 2008)[1] was a Polish Catholic social worker. During World War II she was an activist in the Polish Underground and the Żegota Polish anti-Holocaust resistance in Warsaw. She helped save 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto by providing them with false documents and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the Ghetto.[2]
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[edit] World War II resistance
During the World War II German occupation of Poland, Sendler lived in Warsaw (before that she lived in Otwock and Tarczyn) while working for the city's Social Welfare Department.
She started helping Jews a long time before the Warsaw Ghetto was established. As early as 1939, when the Germans invaded Poland, she began helping Jews by offering them food and shelter. Irena and her helpers made over 3,000 false documents to help Jewish families, before she joined Żegota and the children's division. Helping Jews was very risky — in German-occupied Poland, all household members were punished by death if a hidden Jew was found in their house. This punishment was more severe than those applied in other occupied European countries.
In December 1942, the newly created Children's Section of the Żegota (Council for Aid to Jews), nominated her (under her cover name Jolanta[3]) to head its children's department. As an employee of the Social Welfare Department, she had a special permit to enter the Warsaw Ghetto, to check for signs of typhus, something the Nazis feared would spread beyond the ghetto.[4] During the visits, she wore a Star of David as a sign of solidarity with the Jewish people and so as not to call attention to herself.
She cooperated with the Children's Section of the Municipal Administration, linked with the RGO (Central Welfare Council), a Polish Relief Organization tolerated under German supervision. She organized the smuggling of Jewish children from the Ghetto, carrying them out in boxes, suitcases and trolleys.[2] Under the pretext of conducting inspections of sanitary conditions during a typhoid outbreak, Sendler visited the ghetto and smuggled out babies and small children in ambulances and trams, sometimes disguising them as packages.[5] She also used the old courthouse of the edge of the Warsaw Ghetto (still standing) as one of the main routes of smuggling children out. The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary or Roman Catholic convents such as the Sisters Little Servants of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Mary[6] at Turkowice and Chotomów. Some were smuggled to priests in parish rectories where they could be further hidden. She hid lists of their names in jars, in order to keep track of their original and new identities. Żegota assured the children that, when the war was over, they must be returned to Jewish relatives.[1]
In 1943, Sendler was arrested by the Gestapo, severely tortured, and sentenced to death. Żegota saved her by bribing German guards on the way to her execution. She was left in the woods, unconscious and with broken arms and legs.[2] She was listed on public bulletin boards as among those executed. For the remainder of the war, she lived in hiding, but continued her work for the Jewish children. After the war, she dug up the jars containing the children's identities and began an attempt to find the children and return them to living parents. However, almost all the children's parents had died at the Treblinka extermination camp.
[edit] Postwar awards
| "Every child saved with my help is the justification of my existence on this Earth, and not a title to glory"[7] Letter to Polish Parliament |
In 1965, Sendler was recognized by Yad Vashem as a Righteous Among the Nations, which was confirmed in 1983 by the Israeli Supreme Court. She also was awarded the Commanders Cross by the Israeli Institute.
In 2003, Pope John Paul II sent a personal letter to Sendler, praising her wartime efforts.
On 10 October 2003, Irena Sendler received the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest civilian decoration. She was also awarded the Jan Karski Award "For Courage and Heart," given by the American Center of Polish Culture in Washington, D.C..
On 14 March 2007 Sendler was honored by Poland's Senate. Polish President Lech Kaczyński stated that she "can justly be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize" (though nominations are supposed to be kept secret). At age 97, she was unable to leave her nursing home to receive the honor, but she sent a statement through Elżbieta Ficowska, whom Sendler had saved as an infant.
Sendler was the last survivor of the Children's Section of the Żegota Council for Assistance to the Jews, which she had headed from January 1943 until the end of World War II.
[edit] Nobel nominee
In 2007 Sendler was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but the award was presented to Al Gore, former Vice President of the United States, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
[edit] Life in a Jar
In 1999, Norm Conard, a high school teacher from Pittsburg, Kansas, encouraged four students at the Uniontown, Kansas, school where he taught to investigate the life of Irena Sendler. Based on their findings, the students created a play, Life in a Jar (after her hiding place for documents). As of March 2008, there had been over 240 performances: first in Kansas, then throughout the United States and Canada, and later in Europe.[8]
In 2006, in Kansas, March 10 was declared Irena Sendler Day.[9]
[edit] Other references in books, movies
In 2005, Ana Mieszkowska wrote a book about Sendler called "Mother of the Children of the Holocaust: The Irena Sendler Story". In May 2008, the Hallmark Hall of Fame announced that a movie based on Mieszkowska's book was being prepared and will be aired by CBS. John Kent Harrison wrote the script and will direct.
- Diana Ackerman "The Zookeeper's Wife: A War Story" W. W. Norton. 2007. ISBN 0393061728
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Irena Sendler
- ^ a b c Baczynska, Gabriela; JonBoyle. "Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies", Washington Post, The Washington Post Company, 2008-05-12. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ RaoulWallenberg.net Article "Irena Sendler"
- ^ Richard Z. Chesnoff, "The Other Schindlers: Steven Spielberg's epic film focuses on only one of many unsung heroes", U.S. News and World Report, March 13, 1994.
- ^ Polish Holocaust hero dies at age 98 (2008-05-12). Retrieved on 2008-05-13.
- ^ L.S.I.C.
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1948680/%27Female-Schindler%27--Irene-Sendler,-who-saved-thousands-of-Jewish-children,-dies.html
- ^ http://www.guidepostsmag.com/personal-change/personal-change-archive/?i=1601
- ^ The Warsaw Voice (English language)
- Anna Mieszkowska, Die Mutter der Holocaust-Kinder, DVA 2006, ISBN 3-421-05912-8 [2]
- Irene Tomaszewski & Tecia Werblowski, "Zegota: The Council to Aid Jews in Occupied Poland 1942-1945", ISBN 1-896881-15-7, Price-Patterson
[edit] External links
- Irena Sendler at yadvashem.org
- SavingJews.org
- Irena Sendler at holocaustforgotten.com
- IrenaSendler.org Project
- Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography
- http://respectance.com/Irena_Sendler
- "Irena Sendler for Nobel Peace Prize" initiative
- The Times obituary
- Pole who saved WWII Jews honoured, BBC News Online, 14 March 2007
- I'm no hero, says woman who saved 2,500 ghetto children, Guardian Online, 15 March 2007
- (German) Dank an Irena Sendler, German TV report, 29 May 2007
- (German) Schindlers unbekannte Schwester, Der Spiegel online
