Indigenous peoples of Oceania
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The indigenous peoples of Oceania are those peoples identified as indigenous peoples, as per the modern global definition of the term.
Many of the present-day Pacific Island nations in the Oceania region were originally populated by Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian peoples over the course of thousands of years. European colonial expansion in the Pacific brought many of these under non-indigenous administration. During the 20th century several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states were formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward claims for indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the Chamorros of Guam and the Northern Marianas, and the Marshallese of the Marshall Islands.
In New Zealand, the indigenous Māori (see also Iwi) constitute nearly 15% of the total population. It is important to note that the current definition of Māori in New Zealand is to have at least 1/16 Māori descent. Most of those people that define themselves as Māori are also of European and to a much lesser extent Asian descent.
The indigenous peoples of Australia are the Indigenous Australians, who account for 2.4% of the total population (2001 census figures).
The independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a majority population of indigenous societies, with some 700+ different tribal groups recognised out of a total population of just over 5 million. The PNG Constitution and other Acts identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly sets out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. However, several conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue to be observed between indigenous groups, the government and corporate entities.
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