Hungarian art
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We may speak about Magyar (Hungarian) art after the times of the conquest of people of Árpád in the 9th C. A. D. Princeps Árpád organized earlier people settled in the Carpathian basin.
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[edit] Cavalry people in the Carpathian basin
Before Árpád’s arrival several other peoples from the steppe had organized state in the Carpathian basin. The capitol of the Huns (Xiongnu in Chinese) was Buda Buda, named after the brother of king Attila. But Priscus rhetor, ambassador of the Byzantine Empire and historian of his times mentions, that the capitol of the Huns was int he plains between the Danube and Tisa rivers. After the death of Attila (453) first the langobards and gepidas, later the avars organized state here (568). This late Avarian State was defeated and lost battles from Franks. The Avars of the Transdanubia were baptisted. In the years of the 800-s came the first Hungarians to the basin.
[edit] Art of the Conquest age
People of Árpád in the 9th C. used a beautiful ornamental art on their dress and on the horse mount and arms. The main motif of it is the palmette. This art is a main period between the 9th and 11th centuries in Hungary, which contains many related signs with the Caucasian, Iranian, Middle-Asian ornamental arts.
[edit] Arts in the Romanesque age
Descendants of Princeps Árpád organized the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. During this period the alloying of the steppe art and the romanesque art produced a rich heritage which resembles to several other alloys as the Viking art in Northern-Europe, or the Celtic art in Western-Europe. The crowning mantle of King Stephen is an example to this period.
„10 villages should built a church” said the program of King Stephen. Several of his foundations were later renowned in new forms, but they all go beck to the law of King Stephen.
[edit] Architecture and sculptures of churches
Romanesque churches form an art-historical horizon in the Carpathian basin. Some examples are: Székesfehérvár, Gyulafehérvár, Esztergom, Pannonhalma, bishops’ cathedrals, monasteries, with recently opened lapidariums at Pécs, Veszprém, and Eger). Some royal house architectural remnants have Caucasian relations at Tarnaszentmária, Feldebrő, and Szekszárd, (where the foundation survived).
Great reconstructions began after the Mongolian wars in 1241-42. The most beautiful village churches survived from this times as rotundas of Szalonna, Kallósd, Nagytótlak), churches with western tower and southern doorway at Nagybörzsöny, Csempeszkopács, Őriszentpéter, Magyarszecsőd, Litér, Velemér, Zalaháshágy.
[edit] Gothic art
The gothic style slowly extended to Hungary int he 14-15. centuries, during the royal houses of Anjou, Luxembourg, and Jagello kings. The rich mining towns have built them on their main square like as at (Kassa, Bártfa, Brassó, Nagyszeben), but several monasteries were rebuilt also int he gothic style (Garamszentbenedek). The last center of the Pauline Order, founded in Hungary, had been destroyed at Budaszentlőrinci in this form.
The most renowned architect of this time is János Master, a franciscan brother. His 3 largest churches are at Szeged-Alsóváros, at Kolozsvár (Cluj) Farkas-street and at Nyirbátor. The most known gothic church is at Kassai, the Saint Elizabeth cathedral.
[edit] Sculptures and paintings
The rich painting heritage of Hungary comes from the royal houses of Luxemburgi and Anjou who esteemed king Ladislaus. (Both Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary and emperor of the German-Roman Empire, and Louis, The Great, king of Hungary and Poland, ordered to be buried to the cathedral of Nagyvárad at king Sain Ladislaus. Even today after so many wars and destructions, there are about 50 churches where the legendarium of St. Ladislaus can be found on murals. This is the age of the Kolozsvári brothers (sculptire) and M.S. master (painter) too.
[edit] Renaissance
King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary had rich Italian relations which were realized in architectural buiding assemblages alike as at the palace of Buda and Visegrad. A beautiful exhibition at Rudabánya in the Mining Museum showed the goulden forints made by Hungarian masters for the Russion king of Ivan, III. In 2008 is the 550 years celebration of the electing of king matthias in Hungary. In this event the famous Corvina Library of Matthias king will be collected in an exhibition int he Buda Castle. He had the largest library in Europe, of his age, containing about 3000 volumes.
[edit] Reformation
During the war against the Türkish Ottoman Empire the Reformation changes religion in one thirdth og Hungary. During this time a renewing period begins in shurch architecture, too. Mainly the inner spaces has a fresh and light ornamentation with plant ornamentica. Characteristic to this are the casette ceilings.
[edit] Architecture of Fortresses
The war against the Türkish Empire resulted in the development of the Hungarian fortress construction. Earlier fortresses were built befor artillery, therefore most of the castles and fortresses were fortified against artillery. The most well known is the fortress of Eger, Nagyvárad, Nagykanizsa, Érsekújvár.
[edit] Baroque reconstruction
The Habsburg kings helped to reoccupy Hungary and reconstruct the country. The new art style developed at that time was the baroque. Most churches of today are rebuilt in this form. But not only churches, but castles, townhalls, monasteries, colleges like as at cathedral of Kalocsa, monastery of Zirc, castle of Fertőd, college of Eger and the royal palace at Buda.
[edit] Classicism
After the Reform Age int he early 19th century old Greek traditions renewed and in this spirit the classicism began to act in the form of buildings, like that of the Hungarian National Museum.
[edit] Secession or Jugendstyl
On of the largest artis of his age is Ödön Lechner. He planned the Mueseum of Trade Art, The Hungarian Geological Institute, the townhall of Kecskemét, and the Saint Ladislaus Church at Kőbánya, Budapest. Sometimes he is called as Hungarian Gaudi.
[edit] References
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- [László, Gy. (1943): A Kolozsvári testvérek Szent György lovas-szobrának lószerszáma. The Horse Mount of the Statue of St. George Made by the Kolozsvári Brothers. Egyetemi Nyomda, Kolozsvár]
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