Helichrysum

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Strawflower

Red Everlasting (Helichrysum sanguineum)

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae
Tribe:	Gnaphalieae
Genus:	Helichrysum Mill., 1754

Species

Helichrysum arenarium - Dwarf Everlasting
Helichrysum foetidum - Stinking Strawflower
Helichrysum italicum - Curry Plant Helichrysum petiolare - Licorice Plant
Helichrysum sanguineum - Red Everlasting

The genus Helichrysum consists of an estimated 600 species, in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The type species is Helichrysum orientale.

The name is derived from the Greek words helisso (to turn around) and chrysos (gold). Common names include strawflower and everlasting.

It occurs in Africa (with 244 species in South Africa), Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia. The plants may be annuals, herbaceous perennials or shrubs, growing to a height of 60-90 cm.

Their leaves are oblong to lanceolate. They are flat and pubescent on both sides. The bristles of the pappus are scabrous, barbellate, or plumose.

The receptacle (base of the flower head) is often smooth, with a fringed margin, or honey-combed, and resemble daisies. They may be in almost all colors, except blue. There are many capitula and generally flat-topped corymbs or panicles. The corolla lobes show glandular hairs at the abaxial surface.

Several species are grown as ornamental plants, and for dried flowers. When cut young and dried, the open flowers and stalks preserve their colour and shape for long periods.

Helichrysum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the bucculaticid leaf-miners Bucculatrix gnaphaliella (which feeds exclusively on Helichrysum arenarium) and Bucculatrix helichrysella (feeds exclusively on H. italicum) and the Coleophora case-bearers C. caelebipennella, C. gnaphalii (feeds exclusively on H arenarium) and C. helichrysiella (feeds exclusively on H. italicum).

[edit] Species

Hilllard (1983) divided this large and heterogeneous genus in 30 morphological groups. But this genus is controversial and is considered by many as an artificial genus. The taxonomy of the large polymorphic and probably polyphyletic Helichrysum genus is complex and not yet satisfactorily resolved. Several Australian species, such as H. acuminatum and H. bracteatum, have been reclassified in the genus Xerochrysum in 1991, resp. as X. subundulatum and X. bracteatum. In 1989, misaligned species of Helichrysum were reclassified in Syncarpha. Species included in Pseudognaphalium are probably congeneric with Helichrysum. In 2004, A. Miller identified five potentially new species that have not yet been published but were included in the IUCN Red List data, given their restricted range in Yemen. They are as follows:

Helichrysum sp. nov. A - Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Vulnerable" by the IUCN.^[1]
Helichrysum sp. nov. B - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. It was given a status of "Vulnerable".^[2]
Helichrysum sp. nov. C - Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was given a status of "Endangered".^[3]
Helichrysum sp. nov. D - Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Endangered".^[4]
Helichrysum sp. nov. E - Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Data deficient".^[5]

Established species include:

Helichrysum roseo-niveum in Namibia

Helichrysum abrotaniforme
Helichrysum acuminatum
Helichrysum acutatum : Sticky Everlasting
Helichrysum adenocarpum : Pink Everlasting, Red Everlasting
Helichrysum adenophorum
Helichrysum adnatum
Helichrysum adonidiforme
Helichrysum aggregatum
Helichrysum alatum
Helichrysum albicans
Helichrysum allioides
Helichrysum alpinum
Helichrysum ambiguum
Helichrysum amorginum
Helichrysum angustum
Helichrysum anomalum
Helichrysum antennaria
Helichrysum anthemoides
Helichrysum apiculatum
Helichrysum appendiculatum : Sheep's Ears Everlasting

Licorice Plant (Helichrysum petiolare)

Helichrysum arenarium : Dwarf Everlasting
- Helichrysum arenarium ssp. arenarium
- Helichrysum arenarium ssp. ponticum
Helichrysum argentissimum
Helichrysum argyroglottis
Helichrysum argyrolepis
Helichrysum argyrophyllum
Helichrysum argyrosphaerum : Wild Everlasting
Helichrysum asteroides
Helichrysum aureonitens : Golden Everlasting
Helichrysum aureum : Yellow Everlasting
Helichrysum auriceps
Helichrysum ayersii
Helichrysum baccharoides
Helichrysum backhousei
Helichrysum banksii

Bracted Strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum)

Helichrysum basedowii
Helichrysum beckleri
Helichrysum bicolor
Helichrysum bidwillii
Helichrysum bilobum
Helichrysum blackallii
Helichrysum blandowskianum
Helichrysum boormanii

Helichrysum bracteatum with Flower-fly

Helichrysum brachyrhynchum
Helichrysum bracteatum
Helichrysum buftonii
Helichrysum bupthalmoides
Helichrysum caespititium
Helichrysum calvertianum
Helichrysum candolleanum
Helichrysum cassinioides
Helichrysum cassiope
Helichrysum cephaloideum
Helichrysum cerastioides
Helichrysum chionosphaerum : Dwarf Everlasting
Helichrysum chlorochrysum
Helichrysum cinereum
Helichrysum cladochaetum
Helichrysum cochleariforme : Gold-and-silver
Helichrysum collinum
Helichrysum conditum
Helichrysum confertifolium
Helichrysum cooperi : Yellow Everlasting
Helichrysum cordatum
Helichrysum coriaceum
Helichrysum costatifructum
Helichrysum crispum
Helichrysum cunninghamii
Helichrysum cylindrifolium
Helichrysum cymosum
Helichrysum dasyanthum
Helichrysum dasymallum
Helichrysum davenportii
Helichrysum decorum
Helichrysum diosmifolium (synonym of Ozothamnus diosmifolius)
Helichrysum diotophyllum
Helichrysum doerfleri
Helichrysum ecklonis : Ecklon's Everlasting
Helichrysum epapposum
Helichrysum eremaeum
Helichrysum eriocephalum
Helichrysum erosum
Helichrysum expansifolium
Helichrysum felinum : Strawberry Everlasting
Helichrysum ferrugineum
Helichrysum filifolium
Helichrysum flavissimum
Helichrysum foetidum : Polecat Strawflower, Stinking Strawflower
Helichrysum formosissimum
Helichrysum frigidum
Helichrysum gatesii
Helichrysum gilesii
Helichrysum glomeratum
Helichrysum glutinosum
Helichrysum gracilescens
Helichrysum graveolens
Helichrysum grayi
Helichrysum griseum
Helichrysum gymnocomum
Helichrysum harveyanum
Helichrysum hebelepis
Helichrysum heldreichii
Helichrysum herbaceum : Monkey-tail Everlasting
Helichrysum hirtoviscosum
Helichrysum humboldtianum
Helichrysum hypoleucum
Helichrysum incanum
Helichrysum indicum
Helichrysum inornatum
Helichrysum insigne
Helichrysum involucratum
Helichrysum italicum
- Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum
- Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum
- Helichrysum italicum ssp. serotinum
Helichrysum kempei
Helichrysum kraussii : Straw Everlasting
Helichrysum krookii
Helichrysum lanuginosum
Helichrysum lawrencella
Helichrysum ledifolium
Helichrysum lepidophyllum
Helichrysum leptolepis
Helichrysum leucocephalum
Helichrysum leucopsideum
Helichrysum lindleyi
Helichrysum lindsayanum
Helichrysum lucidum
Helichrysum lucilioides
Helichrysum lycopodioides
Helichrysum macivorii
Helichrysum maidenii
Helichrysum manglesii
Helichrysum melanacme
Helichrysum mellorianum
Helichrysum milliganii
Helichrysum mimetes : Curry Everlasting
Helichrysum moeserianum
Helichrysum monochaetum
Helichrysum mundtii
Helichrysum nanum
Helichrysum newcastlianum
Helichrysum niveum
Helichrysum nudifolium : Hottentot's Tea
Helichrysum obcordatum
Helichrysum obovatum
Helichrysum obtusifolium
Helichrysum occidentale
Helichrysum odoratissimum
Helichrysum oldfieldii
Helichrysum oligochaetum
Helichrysum oreophilum
Helichrysum orientale (type species)
Helichrysum oxylepis
Helichrysum pallidum
Helichrysum panduratum
Helichrysum paralium
Helichrysum patulum : Honey Everlasting
Helichrysum pedunculatum
Helichrysum petiolare : Licorice Plant
Helichrysum pholidotum
Helichrysum pilosellum
Helichrysum pleurandroides
Helichrysum plicatum
Helichrysum podolepidium
Helichrysum populifolium : Poplar Helichrysum
Helichrysum porrectum
Helichrysum pseudoferrugineum
Helichrysum pseudoturbinatum
Helichrysum pterochaetum
Helichrysum pumilio
Helichrysum purpurascens
Helichrysum puteale
Helichrysum ramosissimum
Helichrysum readeri
Helichrysum reticulatum
Helichrysum reflexum : White Everlasting
Helichrysum retortum
Helichrysum revolutum
Helichrysum robustum
Helichrysum rogersianum
Helichrysum roseum
Helichrysum rosum
Helichrysum ruderale
Helichrysum rufescens
Helichrysum rugulosum
Helichrysum rupestre
Helichrysum sanguineum : Red everlasting
Helichrysum sarcodes
Helichrysum saxatile
- Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae
- Helichrysum saxatile ssp. saxatile
Helichrysum scitulum
Helichrysum scutellifolium
Helichrysum secundiflorum
Helichrysum selaginoides
Helichrysum semiamplexicaule
Helichrysum semicalvum
Helichrysum semifertile
Helichrysum semipapposum
Helichrysum setosum : Yellow Everlasting

Helichrysum setosum (?)

Helichrysum sibthorpii
Helichrysum sonderi
Helichrysum spiceri
Helichrysum spiralepis
Helichrysum splendidum : Cape Gold
Helichrysum stellatum
Helichrysum stipitatum
Helichrysum stirlingii
Helichrysum stoechas : Shrubby Everlasting
- Helichrysum stoechas ssp. barrelieri
- Helichrysum stoechas ssp. stoechas
Helichrysum stoveae
Helichrysum subulifolium
Helichrysum sulcaticaule
Helichrysum superbum
Helichrysum sutherlandii
Helichrysum tasmanicum
Helichrysum teretifolium
Helichrysum thianschanicum
Helichrysum thomsonii
Helichrysum trilineatum
Helichrysum tuckeri
Helichrysum turbinatum
Helichrysum umbraculigerum

Helichrysum umbraculigerum

Helichrysum vagans
Helichrysum viscosum
Helichrysum waitzioides
Helichrysum whitei

[edit] References

^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. A. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. B. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. C. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. D. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. E. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 July 2007.

HILLIARD, O. 1983. Flora of Southern Africa, Part 7 Inuleae, Fascicle 2 Gnaphaliinae. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
WILSON, P.G. 1992c. The classification of some Australian species currently included in elipterum and Helichrysum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): part 3 Anemocarpa and Argentipallium, two new genera from Australia. Nuytsia 8: 447–460.
Mesfin Tadesse & Reilly, T. 1995. 17. A contribution to studies on Helichrysum (Compositae - Gnaphalieae) - a revision of the species of north-east tropical Africa. In: Advances in Compositae Systematics (eds. D.J.H. Hind, C. Jeffrey & G.V. Pope). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 379-450.