Gymnopédie
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- For the Ancient Greek festival and dance, see Gymnopaedia.
The Gymnopédies, published in Paris starting in 1888, are three piano compositions written by contemporary French composer and pianist, Erik Satie.
These short, atmospheric pieces are written in 3/4 time, with each sharing a common theme and structure. Collectively, the Gymnopedies are regarded as the precursors to modern ambient music[citation needed] - gentle yet somewhat eccentric pieces which, when composed, defied the classical tradition. For instance, the first few bars feature a disjunct chordal theme in the bass - first, a G-major 7th in the bass, and then a B-minor chord, also in the lower register. Then comes the one-note theme in D major. Although the collection of chords at first seems too complex to be harmonious, the melody soon imbues the work with a soothing atmospheric quality.
Satie himself used the term "furniture music" to refer to some of his pieces, implying they could be used as mood-setting background music. However, Satie used this term to refer to only some of his later, 20th century compositions, without specific reference to the Gymnopédies as background music. From the second half of the 20th century on, the Gymnopédies were often erroneously described as part of Satie's body of furniture music, perhaps due to John Cage's interpretation of them .
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[edit] Orchestrations by Claude Debussy
By the end of 1896 Satie's popularity and financial situation were ebbing. Debussy, whose popularity was rising at the time, helped draw public attention to the work of his friend.
Debussy expressed his belief that the 2nd gymnopédie did not lend itself to orchestration. (Orchestrations of this gymnopédie were only realised many decades later, by other composers, and without being frequently performed). Thus, on February 1897, Debussy orchestrated the 3rd and the 1st only, reversing the numbering:
- First gymnopédie (original piano setting by Satie) → 3rd gymnopédie (orchestration by Debussy)
- Third gymnopédie (original piano setting by Satie) → 1st gymnopédie (orchestration by Debussy)
The score was then published in 1898.
[edit] Contamine de Latour poetry
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In the late 1880s Patrice Contamine (1867–1926), at that time better known as J.P. Contamine de Latour, wrote Les Antiques ("The Ancient"), a poem containing these lines:
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Which exact connotation intended by Contamine in using the word gymnopédie remains uncertain:
- dance - probably, as he mentions it alongside another dance, the saraband(e);
- antiquity - supposedly, given the title of the poem. This however does not yet give a clear picture of how antiquity was perceived in late 19th-century France (see below);
- nudity - maybe, although words like "gymnastique" (gymnastics) and "gymnase" (gymnasium) based on the same Greek word for nudity (γυμνός - "gymnos") were common in those days, but had lost any reference to nudity;
- warfare (as in Ancient Greece the word indicated a war dance) - probably not; little war-like intent is apparent in the poem;
- religious ceremony/festivity (which was the context of the Ancient gymnopaedia) - probably neither; there seems to be no allusion made to them in the poem.
[edit] Perceptions of Antiquity in the 19th century
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Regarding Greek Antiquity, Otfried Müller was esteemed as one of the major authorities for many decades, continuing after his accidental death in 1840. Müller wrote most of his works in German.
George Cornewall Lewis was the English translator of Müller's Dorians, one of the most influential introductions into the culture of Ancient Greece. But then, for the English translation, Lewis had been successful in convincing Müller that all references to "pederasty" (as it was still called then) had to be left out, as correspondence from Lewis to Müller shows.
The prudishness of the Victorian age more or less barred topics like nudity when the insights about Ancient Greek culture were further divulged outside the context of scholarly research: when the William Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - an academic publication - describes nudity, one gets a story depicting nudity to mean "light dress" for the Romans and "without arms" for the Ancient Greeks. Smith sees no contradiction in printing a small woodcut in the article on dance ("saltatio") showing some Greek dancers wearing "only" armor, without any other dress. However, this entry, which effectively mentions the gymnopaedia, does not go into the topic of nudity in Ancient Greece, although being complete in all other sorts of references.
Even if France, in general, was probably less prim in those days, F. Fertiault, when publishing a "picturesque and anecdotic" dance history book in Paris in 1854, succeeded in describing the history of Ancient Greek dance, including the "gymnopédie", without mentioning or illustrating nudity, let alone homosexuality, once. For that matter, neither the martial aspects, nor the context of religious ceremony of the Ancient Greeks, concerning gymnopaedia were mentioned.
Page 21 of Fertiault's book[3] gives the following definition of the Gymnopédie, which the author designates as a tragic (i.e. worthy and elegant) scenic dance from Greek Antiquity:
- performed by two groups, one composed of boys, the other of older men, dancing and singing hymns by Thalétès
The historical validity of such books, although giving a separate definition of the gymnopédie/gymnopaedia and mentioning the saraband as a dance "probably" coming from Spain, remains questionable however. Even the fact that Fertiault gives an early 17th century (Latin and Greek) publication by Johannes Meursius as a source for his "simplified" description of Ancient Greek dance does not make this description more convincingly comprehensive... Another "popularising" publication of the time has been tracked down, this time a music dictionary proclaiming that the gymnopaedia was danced by "girls", and yes, "naked", but then in the "unarmed" sense. Nevertheless, it might be that since neither Satie nor Contamine could read or understand Ancient Greek (Latin, German,...) neither had access to more "revealing", or direct, sources.
Gymnopédie also appears as an infrequently used word in 19th century France, to the point it might have been perceived as a neologism by many. Further, in the Contamine poem gymnopédie is used in the singular, while the original Greek word (γυμνοπαιδία - "gumnopaidia") is always plural.
All this might indicate that Satie and Contamine chose the word gymnopédie perhaps rather for its intangible exotism, than for connotations of which they were probably hardly aware themselves.
[edit] Satie gymnopedist
Contamine's poetry inspired Erik Satie to the first compositions with which he tried to cut himself loose from the conventional 19th century "salon music" environment of his father and stepmother. In September 1887 Satie composed three "sarabands" (Trois Sarabandes), taking a quote from Contamine's La Perdition by way of introduction. By this time, Satie knew Contamine personally.
Satie apparently used the word "gymnopédiste" (gymnopedist), before having written a note of his later so famous gymnopédies.
The anecdote of Satie introducing himself as a "gymnopedist" in December 1887 runs as follows: the first time Satie visited the Chat Noir cabaret, he was introduced to its director, Rodolphe Salis, famous for serving sharp comments. Being coerced to mention his profession, Satie, lacking any recognisable professional occupation, presented himself as a "gymnopedist", supposedly in an attempt to outwit the director.
The composition of the three gymnopedies started only two months later, and was completed in April of 1888.
In August of 1888, the first gymnopédie was published, accompanied by the verse of Contamine quoted above. However, it remains uncertain whether the poem was composed before the music, or whether Contamine intended the verse as a tribute to his friend, who had now completed both a set of "sarabands" and "gymnopédies".
Later the same year the third gymnopédie was published. There was, however, no publication of the second gymnopédie until 7 years later, with several announcements of an impending publication of this gymnopédie being made in the Chat Noir and Auberge du Clou periodicals.
[edit] Media
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gymnopedies - La 1 Ere. Lent et Douloureux Performed by Robin Alciatore. Courtesy of Musopen - Problems playing the files? See media help.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and references
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- ^ See The Letters of Sir George Cornewall Lewis to Karl Otfried Müller, reviewed by Wilfried Nippel
Nippel, Wilfried (2003). "William M Calder III, R. Scott Smith, John Vaio, Teaching the English Wissenschaft. The Letters of Sir George Cornewall Lewis to Karl Otfried Müller (1828-1839). Spudasmata, 85". Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.01.05 (2003). - ^ See for example Succès de scandale — Belle Epoque (Oscar Wilde and his Salomé play)
- ^ a Fertiault, F (1854). Histoire anecdotique et pittoresque de la danse chez les peuples anciens et modernes. Paris: Auguste Aubry, Pages 15–23.
- ^ See Olof Höjer, Le gymnopédiste - An on-line article describing Satie's piano compositions up to 1890.
- ^ See for example Cage’s Place In the Reception of Satie by Matthew Shlomowitz (1999) on Niclas Fogwall's Erik Satie website.
