User:Gwinva/Castles south
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- Castles in south east Scotland : Borders, Edinburgh & Lothians
[text here about nature of castles: brief history and explanation of terms, types, and so forth. regional influences. illustration or two]
notes: Early castles were built in the motte-and-bailey format [expand], a technique reaching Scotland in the early 12th century, brought by Norman settlers [somewhat after the technique used in England].[1] The Norman and English custom of building large keeps was not as widespread in Scotland.[1]
From 13th C English style more common; (indistinguishable from those in England), great curtain-wall enclosure castles: Enceinte. high walls, round towers, gate houses, such as Tantallon Castle, built in 14th.[1] But style replaced by the tower house.
A distinctive form of architecture in Scotland is the tower house, built in large numbers from the mid-fourteenth century, until the mid-seventeenth century.[2] This differed from the practice in England, which favoured courtyard castles; moreover, castle-building declined in England and Wales from the end of the fifteenth century.[2]
Tower houses differed from the early keep-style castles. Contain: barrel-vaulted ceilings rather than wooden floors of Norman keeps (stone more plentiful than wood??), no portcullises: barred with sturdy iron gate or "yett"; often ground-floor entrance, not second-floor of keeps. Major difference = self contained (keeps had additional buildings in bailey) tower house= bedchambers, halls, kitchens, stores.[3] Often additional domestic buildings associated, (part of complex) however.[4] Archeological finds show occupied as houses, not just fortifications.[5] Many later towers, such as Borthwick Castle, were military in appearance, but lacked full defensive capabilities (such as hoardings, arrow slits, crenellations, murder-holes; built for appearance and fashion, rather than real defensive purpose; fact borne out by length and expense of build: built in peace time.[6] T-H's built with king's permission; centre of community.[7]
However, the border with England had different requirements: border reivers etc.
13th C border fairly peaceful, reflected in domestic architecture; less defensible buildings than in the past, low halls.[8] From beginning of Wars of Scottish Independence, late 13th C, on war, reiving, unrest plagued area for three centuries. Defence important again: defensive towers. English side predominately had simple Bastle houses and peel towers (pele); less dominant on wealthier Scottish side, where there were also strong tower houses built by wealthy lowland lairds.[9] [see p 215 for pele towers]
looking ahead: find: Union of the crowns = peace ; reformation, change in moralities and expectations, resumption of domestic tower house building:; decoration and luxury; old towers adapted and extended; civil war; Scots baronial; walter Scott romanticisation; 19th C gothic revival; decline and restoration
Contents |
[edit] East Lothian
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership | location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auldhame Castle | tower house | 16th C | ruin | Seacliff NT602847 | ||
| Ballencrieff Castle | tower house | 1507, 1586 | restored | Ballencrieff NT487783 | ||
| Barnes Castle | uncompleted castle | ruin | Haddington NT529766 |
Extensive castle planned, but never completed above the vaults.[10] | ||
| The Bass | curtain wall & keep | 16th C | ruin | open for visitors (via boat trip) | Bass Rock NT602873 |
later adapted for artillery; stone used to build lighthouse[11] |
| Black Castle | site | Cockburnspath NT738707 |
some remains existed until c.1800[12] | |||
| Dirleton Castle | fortress | 13th C | partly ruined | Historic Scotland | Dirleton NT518840 |
|
| Dunbar Castle | ruin | free access | Dunbar NT67894 |
|||
| Fa'side Castle | tower house (altered keep) | keep: 15th C | restored 1970s | Tranent NT378710 |
also known as Fawside and Falside | |
| Fenton Tower | tower house | 1587 | ruin | North Berwick NT543822 |
||
| Garleton Castle | courtyard castle | 16th C | partially converted dwelling, with ruin | private | Haddington NT509767 |
|
| Hailes Castle | keep & ranges | keep: 14th C | ruin | Historic Scotland; free access | East Linton NT575758 |
ranges and towers 15th-16th C |
| Luffness Castle | tower house | 16th C | altered | private | Aberlady NT476804 |
castle on site from 13th C |
| Preston Tower | keep | 15th C | ruin | NTS; free access (exterior view) | Prestonpans NT393742 |
Two storeys added in 17th C. Currently in council-maintained grounds.[13] |
| Redhouse Tower | courtyard castle | 16th C | ruin | Aberlady NT463770 |
||
| Saltoun Castle | Elizabethan house | 16th C | occupied | private | Pencaitland NT461685 |
building incorporates remnants of 12th C castle[14] |
| Stoneypath Tower | tower house | 16th C | restored | Nunraw Abbey NT596713 |
||
| Tantallon Castle | courtyard castle | 14th C | ruin | Historic Scotland | North Berwick NT596851 |
|
| Whittingehame | keep | 15th C | occupied | Balfour family; private | East Linton NT602733 |
|
| Yester Castle | castle & keep | 13th C | ruin | private | Gifford NT556667 |
also known as the Goblin Ha' |
[edit] City of Edinburgh
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership | location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Craigmillar Castle | keep & later ranges | 14th C | ruin | Historic Scotland | NT288709 | towers and curtain wall added 15th C; walled courtyard 16th C [15] |
| Craiglockhart Castle | tower house | 13th C | ruin | NT226703 | ||
| Dundas Castle | keep | 15th C | ruin | private | NT116767 | |
| Edinburgh Castle | fortress | 15th C | complete | Historic Scotland | Edinburgh NT252735 | site of various castle since before 10th C[16] |
| Lauriston Castle | tower house | 16th C | altered; occupied | private ownership; open regularly | NT204762 | |
| Liberton Tower | tower house | 17th C | occupied | private ownership; open by appt. | NT267694 | |
| Merchiston Castle | keep | 15th C | altered | Napier University | NT243717 |
[edit] Scottish Borders
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership | location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Branxholme Castle | ||||||
| Cessford Castle | ||||||
| Cranshaws Tower | ||||||
| Dryhope Tower | ||||||
| Duns Castle | ||||||
| Edrington Castle | ||||||
| Fast Castle | courtyard castle | ruin | Hall family open: free |
Coldingham | ||
| Fatlips Castle | ||||||
| Ferniehirst Castle | ||||||
| Floors Castle | house | 1721 | occupied | Duke of Roxburghe | Kelso | ruins of Roxburgh castle in the grounds |
| Fulton Tower | ||||||
| Greenknowe Tower | ||||||
| Hume Castle | Greenlaw | |||||
| Hermitage Castle | keep | ruin | Historic Scotland | Newcastleton | ||
| Jedburgh Castle | demolished 1409 | Jedburgh | ||||
| Kirkhope Tower | ||||||
| Mervinslaw Pele | pele tower | ruin | ||||
| Neidpath Castle | keep | 14th C | private ownership; open regularly | Peebles NT236405 | Extensively remodelled in 16th C[17] | |
| Newark Castle | ||||||
| Nisbet House | ||||||
| Roxburgh Castle | ||||||
| Smailholm Tower | Historic Scotland | |||||
| Thirlestane Castle | ||||||
| Traquair House | fortified house | occupied | private ownership; open regularly | |||
| Venlaw | ||||||
| Wedderburn Castle | ||||||
| Whitslaid Tower |
[edit] West Lothian
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership | location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duntarvie Castle | tower house | 16th C | undergoing restoration | private | South Queensferry NT091765 |
|
| House of the Binns | castellated house | 17th C | complete | National Trust for Scotland | Linlithgow NT051785 |
Stands on the site of an earlier castle [18] |
| Linlithgow Palace | courtyard palace | 15th C | ruin | Historic Scotland | Linlithgow NT003774 | built on site of 12th C castle[19] |
| Niddry Castle | keep | 15th C | restored & occupied | private | Broxburn NT097743 |
[edit] Midlothian
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership | location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borthwick Castle | tower house | 1430 | complete | private hotel | Gorebridge NT370597 | |
| Crichton Castle | courtyard castle | 14th C | ruin | Historic Scotland | Gorebridge NT380612 | |
| Dalhousie Castle | tower house | 16th C | altered | private hotel | Dalhousie NT320636 | incororates remains of 13th C castle[20] |
| Dalkeith Castle | mansion | 18th C | complete | private ownership; ground open regularly | Dalkeith NT333679 | incorporates reamins of 12th C castle[21] |
| Hawthornden Castle | tower house | 17th C | complete | private | Loanhead NT287637 | inorporates ruined 15th C keep[22] |
| Melville Castle | castellated mansion | 18th C | restored | private hotel | Dalkeith NT310669 | built on site of earlier castle[23] |
| Newbattle Castle | fortified house | 17th C | altered | College of Education | Dalkeith NT333660 | also known as Newbattle Abbey; incorporates remains of abbey |
| Roslin Castle | keep & ranges | 14th C | partly complete | Earl of Rosslyn; Landmark Trust- managed holiday accommodation | Roslin NT274628 | ranges date from 15th-16th C[24] |
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c Morris, p. 186
- ^ a b Morris, p. 184
- ^ Morris, p. 187
- ^ Morris, pp. 188-9
- ^ Morris, p. 190
- ^ Morris, pp.197, 200
- ^ Morris, p. 200
- ^ Morris, pp. 213–4
- ^ Morris, p. 214
- ^ Coventry, p. 79
- ^ Coventry, p. 82
- ^ Coventry, p. 89
- ^ Coventry, p. 356
- ^ Coventry, p. 372
- ^ Coventry p. 155
- ^ Coventry, p. 202
- ^ Coventry, p. 329
- ^ Coventry, p. 392
- ^ Coventry, p. 295
- ^ Coventry, p. 165
- ^ Coventry, p. 166
- ^ Coventry, p. 244
- ^ Coventry, p. 316
- ^ Coventry, p. 367
[edit] Bibliography
- Coventry, Martin (2001) The Castles of Scotland, 3rd Ed. Scotland: Goblinshead ISBN 1899874267
- Morris, Marc (2003) Castle: A History of the Buildings that Shaped Medieval Britain, London: Pan MacMillan ISBN 0752215361
