Greek diaspora
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Greek diaspora (Greek: ελληνική διασπορά, elliniki diaspora) is a term used to refer to the communities of Greek people living outside of the traditional Greek homelands in southeast Europe and Asia Minor. Members of the diaspora can be identified as those who themselves, or whose ancestors, migrated from the Greek homelands. [1]
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[edit] History
[edit] Ancient Times
In ancient times the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily, southern Italy, Spain the South of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's Empire Greek ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and Kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The Roman Empire became Christianized in the fourth century AD, and in the Byzantine period practice of the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a defining hallmark of Greek identity.[2]
[edit] 7th Century
In the seventh century Emperor Heraclius adopted Greek as the official language. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea maintaining a Greek identity amongst local populations as traders, officials and settlers. Under the Ottoman Empire these populations generally remained.
[edit] 15th Century - Fall Of Byzantium, Exodus to Italy
Many Greeks fled Constantinople after its fall in 1453 and found refuge in Italy, bringing with them many ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West. These helped contribute to the European Renaissance. Most Greeks settled in Venice and are indeed now lost to history.
[edit] Modern Times
[edit] 19th Century
During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the Diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and St Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the whole extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox church. [3]As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become shippers, financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers. With economic success the Diaspora expanded further across the Levant, North Africa, India and the USA.[4]
After the Treaty of Constantinople the political situation stabilised somewhat, and some of the displaced families moved back to the newly-independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Finance and assistance from overseas were channelled through these family ties, and helped provide institutions such as the National Library, and sent relief after natural disasters.
[edit] 20th Century
In the twentieth century many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, Germany and South Africa, especially after the Second World War (1939-45) the Greek Civil War (1946-49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974. [1]
After the First World War most Greeks living in the territory of modern Turkey were forced or coerced into leaving areas occupied by Greek people since antiquity. Many came to modern Greece, but The Russian Empire (later USSR) was also a major destination.
After the Greek Civil War some left wing activists and their families moved to the Communist Countries of Europe due to the political situation. Hungary even founded a whole new village, Beloiannisz, for Greek immigrants. While many immigrants returned later, these countries still have numerous first and second generation Greeks who maintain their traditions.[1]
The Arab Nationalism of President Nasser of Egypt led to the expulsion of a large Greek population from that country in the 1950s. Until that point Alexandria had been an important centre of Greek culture since antiquity, with the business life of the city dominated by Greeks.
With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, numbers of Greeks of the Diaspora whose Greek ancestry was "removed" for many generations, immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centres of Athens and Thessaloniki, and also to Cyprus. Movements from Georgia were most numerous.[1]
The term Pontic Greeks is used to refer to those who have come from the countries around the Black Sea.
[edit] Greek Nationality
See Greek nationality law for more details.
Any person who is ethnically Greek born outside of Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization, providing he/she can prove a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate, and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship is proven.
[edit] Today
Important centres of the Greek Diaspora today are Chicago, London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto.[1]
The General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad is a dependency of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has compiled several studies on the Greeks of the diaspora.
The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available it shows around 3 million Greeks outside of Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the Council of overseas Greeks {SAE} put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. Integration, intermarriage and loss of the Greek language also influence the definition and self-definition of Greeks of the Diaspora.
[edit] Number of Greeks outside of Greece
Rank | Country | Capital | Number of ethnic Greeks | Main articles |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States | Washington, D.C. | 1,213,807 (2000 census) [5] – an estimated 3,000,000 claim Greek descent [6] | Greek American |
2 | Cyprus | Nicosia | 635,914 (2001 census) [7] - 689,471 (est.)[8] | Greek Cypriots, Greek Cypriot diaspora |
3 | Australia | Canberra | 365,150 (2006 census) [9] - 700,000 (est.)[8] | Greek Australian |
4 | Germany | Berlin | 320,000 (est.) [10] – 370,000 (est.)[8] | Greeks in Germany |
5 | Canada | Ottawa | 215,105 (2001 census) [11] – 450,000 (est.)[8] | Greek Canadians |
6 | United Kingdom | London | 112,163 (2001 census) - excludes all British-born Greeks [12] | Greeks in Great Britain |
7 | South Africa | Pretoria | 50,000-60,000 [13] - 120,000 (est.) [8] – see also [5] | Greeks in South Africa |
8 | Russia | Moscow | 97,827 (2002 census) [14] | Greeks in Russia |
9 | Ukraine | Kiev | 91,500 (2001 census) [15] | Greeks in Ukraine |
10 | Albania | Tirana | 58,785 (1989 census) [16] – 400,000 (est.) [17] | Greeks in Albania |
11 | France | Paris | 35,000 (est.) [18] | Greeks in France |
12 | Brazil | Brasília | 25,000 [19] – 30,000 (est.) [20] | Greeks in Brazil |
13 | Argentina | Buenos Aires | 20,000 (est.) [8] – 30,000 (est.) [21] | Greeks in Argentina |
14 | Italy | Rome | 20,000 (est.) [8] – 30,000 (est.) [22] | Greeks in Italy |
15 | Belgium | Brussels | 15,742 (2007) [23] – 26,474 (est.) [24] | Greeks in Belgium |
16 | Georgia | Tbilisi | 15,166 (2002 census) [25] | Greeks in Georgia |
17 | Serbia | Belgrade | 15,000 (est.) [26] | Greeks in Serbia |
18 | Kazakhstan | Astana | 12,703 (1999 census) [27] | Greeks in Kazakhstan |
19 | Sweden | Stockholm | 12,000 – 15,000 (est.) [28] | Greeks in Sweden |
20 | Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 9,500 (est.) [29] | Greeks in Uzbekistan |
21 | Switzerland | Bern | 8,340 (est.) [8] – 11,000 (est.) [30] | Greeks in Switzerland |
22 | Romania | Bucharest | 6,513 (2002 census) [31] | Greeks in Romania |
23 | Austria | Vienna | 5,000 (est.) [32] | Greeks in Austria |
24 | Turkey | Ankara | 5,000 (2006 est.) [33] | Greeks in Turkey |
25 | New Zealand | Wellington | 4,500 (est.) [34] – 10,000 (est.) [8] | Greeks in New Zealand |
26 | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 4,000 (est.) [8] – 12,500 (est.) [35] | Greeks in the Netherlands |
27 | Egypt | Cairo | 3,800 (est.) [36] – 5,000 [37] | Greeks in Egypt |
28 | Bulgaria | Sofia | 3,408 (2001 census) [38] – 28,500 [39] | Greeks in Bulgaria |
29 | Czech Republic | Prague | 3,231 (2001 census) [40] – 7,000 (est.) [41] | Greeks in the Czech Republic |
30 | Moldova | Chişinău | 3,000 (est.) [42] | Greeks in Moldova |
31 | Hungary | Budapest | 2,509 (2001 census) [43] – 6,000 (est.) [44] | Greeks in Hungary |
32 | Lebanon | Beirut | 1,500 (est.) [8] | Greeks in Lebanon |
33 | Oman | Muscat | 1,500 (est.) [8] | Greeks in Oman |
34 | Poland | Warsaw | 1,404 (2002 census) [45] | Greeks in Poland |
35 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | 1,300 (est.) [8] | Greeks in Saudi Arabia |
36 | Luxembourg | Luxembourg | 1,200 [8] – 2,000 (est.) [46] | Greeks in Luxembourg |
37 | Cameroon | Yaoundé | 1,200 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Cameroon |
38 | Armenia | Yerevan | 1,176 (2002 census) [48] | Greeks in Armenia |
39 | Venezuela | Caracas | 1,148 (est.) [49] | Greeks in Venezuela |
40 | Zimbabwe | Harare | 1,100 (est.) [50] | Greeks in Zimbabwe |
41 | Uruguay | Montevideo | 1,000 (est.) [47] – 2,000 (est.) [51] | Greeks in Uruguay |
42 | Chile | Santiago | 1,000 (est.) [47] – 1,500 (est.) [52] | Greeks in Chile |
43 | Mexico | Mexico City | 1,000 (est.) [53] | Greek Mexican |
44 | Syria | Damascus | 1,000 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Syria |
45 | Panama | Panama City | 800 (est.) [47] – 1,000 (est.) [54] | Greeks in Panama |
46 | Zambia | Lusaka | 700 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Zambia |
47 | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek | 650 – 700 (est.) [55] | Greeks in Kyrgyzstan |
48 | Denmark | Copenhagen | 500 (est.) [47] – 1,000 (est.) [56] | Greeks in Denmark |
49 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 500 (est.) [57] | Greeks in Ethiopia |
50 | FYR Macedonia | Skopje | 422 (2002 census) [58] – 250,000 (1994 est.) [59] | Greeks in FYR Macedonia |
51 | Jordan | Amman | 400 (est.) [47] – 600 (est.) [60] | Greeks in Jordan |
52 | Norway | Oslo | 350 (est.) [61] | Greeks in Norway |
53 | Democratic Republic of the Congo (ex. Zaire) | Kinshasa | 300 (est.) [62] | Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
54 | Spain | Madrid | 300 (est.) [47] – 1,500 – 2,000 (est.) [63] | Greeks in Spain |
55 | Bahamas | Nassau | 300 (est.) [47] | Greeks in the Bahamas |
56 | Nigeria | Abuja | 300 (est.) [64] | Greeks in Nigeria |
57 | Tanzania | Dodoma | 300 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Tanzania |
58 | Costa Rica | San José | 290 (est.)[65]; 80 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Costa Rica |
59 | Israel | Jerusalem | 250 – 300 (est.) [67]
(non-Jewish Greek only) |
Greeks in Israel |
60 | Sudan | Khartoum | 250 (est.) [68] | Greeks in Sudan |
61 | Azerbaijan | Baku | 250 – 300 (est.) [69] | Greeks in Azerbaijan |
62 | Lithuania | Vilnius | 250 (est.) [70] | Greeks in Lithuania |
63 | Malawi | Lilongwe | 200 (est.) [71] | Greeks in Malawi |
64 | Colombia | Bogotá, D.C. | 200 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Colombia |
65 | Ireland | Dublin | 200 (est.) [47] – for further information, see [6] | Greeks in Ireland |
66 | Kenya | Nairobi | 200 (est.) [47] | Greeks in Kenya |
67 | United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 200 (est.) [47] | Greeks in the United Arab Emirates |
68 | Morocco | Rabat | 180 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Morocco |
69 | Peru | Lima | 150 (est.) [66] – 350 (est.) [72] | Greeks in Peru |
70 | Portugal | Lisbon | 150 (est.) [66] – 240 (est.) [73] | Greeks in Portugal |
72 | Botswana | Gaborone | 150 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Botswana |
73 | Djibouti | Djibouti City | 150 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Djibouti |
74 | Estonia | Tallinn | 150 (est.) [74] | Greeks in Estonia |
75 | Finland | Helsinki | 150 (est.) [75] | Greeks in Finland |
76 | Hong Kong | – | 150 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Hong Kong |
77 | Kuwait | Kuwait City | 140 (est.) [76] | Greeks in Kuwait |
78 | Latvia | Riga | 100 (est.) [77] | Greeks in Latvia |
79 | Japan | Tokyo | 100 (est) [66] – 300 (est.) [78] | Greeks in Japan |
80 | Bolivia | La Paz | 100 (est.) [79] | Greeks in Bolivia |
81 | People's Republic of China | Beijing | 100 (est.) [80] | Greeks in China |
82 | Indonesia | Jakarta | 72 (est.) [81] | Greeks in Indonesia |
83 | Papua New Guinea | Port Moresby | 70 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Papua New Guinea |
84 | Iran | Tehran | 60 (est.) [66] – 80 (est.) [82] | Greeks in Iran |
85 | Côte d'Ivoire | Yamoussoukro | 60 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Côte d'Ivoire |
86 | Madagascar | Antananarivo | 60 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Madagascar |
87 | Slovenia | Ljubljana | 54 (2002 census) [83] | Greeks in Slovenia |
88 | Croatia | Zagreb | 50 (est.) [84] | Greeks in Croatia |
89 | Tunisia | Tunis | 50 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Tunisia |
90 | Senegal | Dakar | 50 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Senegal |
91 | Central African Republic | Bangui | 40 (est.) [66] | Greeks in the Central African Republic |
92 | Qatar | Doha | 40 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Qatar |
93 | Singapore | – | 40 (est.) [85] | Greeks in Singapore |
94 | Malta | Valletta | 35 – 40 (est.) [86] | Greeks in Malta |
95 | Cuba | Havana | 30 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Cuba |
96 | Algeria | Algiers | 30 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Algeria |
97 | Eritrea | Asmara | 30 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Eritrea |
98 | Slovakia | Bratislava | 100 [87] | Greeks in Slovakia |
99 | Paraguay | Asunción | 20 (est.) [66] – 25 (est.) [88] | Greeks in Paraguay |
100 | Chad | N'Djamena | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Chad |
101 | Ecuador | Quito | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Ecuador |
102 | Guatemala | Guatemala City | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Guatemala |
103 | Mozambique | Maputo | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Mozambique |
104 | Namibia | Windhoek | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Namibia |
105 | Togo | Lomé | 20 (est.) [66] | Greeks in Togo |
106 | Republic of the Congo | Brazzaville | 10 (est.) [66] | Greeks in the Republic of the Congo |
107 | Belarus | Minsk | unknown – for further information, see [7] | Greeks in Belarus |
[edit] Well known Greeks of the Diaspora
Well known people in the Greek diaspora include:
- George Averoff,
- Maria Callas,
- Jennifer Aniston,
- George Michael,
- Telly Savalas,
- Doménicos Theotokópoulos (El Greco),
- Georges Corraface,
- Greg Louganis,
- John Varvatos,
- Elia Kazan,
- Constantine Lascaris,
- Marcus Musurus,
- Yiannis Pharmakis,
- Queen Sophia of Spain,
- Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,
- Jake and Dinos Chapman
- Sir Alec Issigonis,
- Michael Dukakis,
- Olympia Dukakis,
- Michael Dertouzos,
- George Bizos,
- Mario Frangoulis,
- Spyros Skouras,
- Arianna Huffington,
- Panayiotis Zavos,
- Nicholas Negroponte,
- Spiro Agnew,
- George Stephanopoulos,
- Peter Andre
[edit] See also
- Antiochian Greeks
- List of Greek Americans
- Greek Australian
- Greek Canadians
- Greeks in Great Britain
- Greeks in New Zealand
- Cappadocian Greek language
- Church of Greece
- Cypriot Orthodox Church
- Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
- Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
- Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
- Greek-Calabrian dialect
- Greeks
- Griko language
- Hellenistic civilization
- Orthodox Church in America
- Pontic Greeks
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Richard Clogg, The Greek diaspora in the twentieth century, 2000, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
- ^ Peregrine Horden, Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History,2000, Blackwell Publishin, ISBN 0631218904
- ^ Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History, 2000, p.147, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
- ^ Vassilis Kardasis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775-1861,2001, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739102451
- ^ United States of America: 2000 census
- ^ United States Department of State: Background Note: Greece
- ^ 2001 census, in Cypriot government-controlled area.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006: [1]
- ^ Germany: Greek population in Germany
- ^ See List of Canadians by ethnicity
- ^ BBC Special: Born Abroad [2]. This figure includes only Greeks born in Greece (35,007) and Cyprus (77,156). The actual number of Greeks (and especially Greek Cypriots) in the UK is much higher.
- ^ Greek Foreign Ministry: [3]
- ^ Norwegian Institute of International Affairs: Centre for Russian Studies: 2002 census
- ^ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: 2001 census
- ^ UNPO: Greek Minority in Albania
- ^ Country Studies US: Greeks and Other Minorities
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: France: The Greek Community
- ^ Γενικα Στοιχεια Διασπορασ
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Brazil: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Argentina: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Italy: The Greek Community
- ^ Ecodata: Greek Citizens
- ^ Npdata:Greek Ancestry
- ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Georgia
- ^ Glas Javnosti: Nama su samo Srbi braća
- ^ Japan External Trade Organization: Institute of Developing Economies: Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sweden: The Greek Community
- ^ Central Asia – Caucasus analyst: Greeks in Uzbekistan
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Switzerland: The Greek Community
- ^ ClubAfaceri: 2002 (Romanian) census
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Austria: The Greek Community
- ^ "Ethnic Greeks of Istanbul convene", Athens News Agency, 2 July 2006. Additionally, there are 600,000 Greek-speaking people in Turkey according to the Columbia Encyclopedia [4], although this figure will certainly include Turkish-identifying Greek Muslims.
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: New Zealand: The Greek Community
- ^ According to the Netherlands Statistical Service, quoted by: Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Netherlands: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Egypt: The Greek Community
- ^ Γενικα Στοιχεια Διασπορασ
- ^ Republic of Bulgaria: National Statistical Institute: 2001 census
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bulgaria: The Greek Community
- ^ Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
- ^ According to the Association of Greek Communities in the Czech Republic quoted by the Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Moldova
- ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office: 2001 census
- ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Hungary
- ^ See Demographics of Poland
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Luxembourg: The Greek Community
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
- ^ National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia: 2002 census
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Venezuela: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zimbabwe: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Uruguay: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Chile: The Greek Community
- ^ Comunidad Helenica de Mexico: The Greek side of Mexico
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Uruguay: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kyrgyzstan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Denmark: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia: The Greek Community
- ^ See Demographics of the Republic of Macedonia
- ^ Johns Hopkins University Press: Victor Roudometof, Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question; quoting Kostas Vakalopoulos, I elliniki meionotita ton Skopion (The Greek minority of Skopje), 1994.
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Jordan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Norway: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Spain: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Nigeria: The Greek Community
- ^ Los Griegos en Costa Rica
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Azerbaijan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sudan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Azerbaijan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Lithuania: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malawi: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Peru: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Portugal: The Greek Community
- ^ Estonian Statistical Office: Estonia: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Finland: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kuwait: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Latvia: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Japan: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bolivia: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: China: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Indonesia: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Iran: The Greek Community
- ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Census of population, households and housing 2002
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Croatia: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Singapore: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malta: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Slovakia
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Singapore: The Greek Community
[edit] External links
- General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad
- Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Popular International Greek diaspora blog
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