Geis
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- "Geas" and "Geasa" redirect here. For the heavy metal band, see Geasa (band)
In Irish mythology and folklore, a geis (/ˈɡɛʃ/, plural geasa) is an idiosyncratic taboo, whether of obligation or prohibition, similar to being under a vow or spell.
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[edit] Geasa in Irish Mythology
A geis can be compared with a curse or, paradoxically, a gift. If someone under a geis violates the associated taboo, the infractor will suffer dishonour or even death. On the other hand, the observing of one's geasa is believed to bring power and good fortune. Often it is women who place geasa upon men. In some cases the woman turns out to be goddess or other sovereignty figure.[1]
The geis is often a key device in hero tales, such as that of Cúchulainn in Irish mythology. Traditionally, the doom of the hero comes about due to their violation of their geis, either by accident, or by having multiple geasa and then being placed in a position where they have no option but to violate one geis in order to maintain another. For instance, Cúchulainn has a geis to never eat dog meat, and he is also bound by a geis to eat any food offered to him by a woman. When a hag offers him dog meat, he has no way to emerge from the situation unscathed; this leads to his death.[1][2]
A beneficial geis might involve a prophecy that a person would die in a particular way; the particulars of their death in the vision might be so bizarre that the person could then avoid their fate for many years.[citation needed]
[edit] Welsh mythology
There is a considerable similarity between geasa (which are a phenomenon of Gaelic mythology) and the foretold deaths of heroes in Welsh mythology. This is not surprising given the close origins of many of the variants of Celtic mythology.
For example, the Welsh hero Lleu Llaw Gyffes (in one version of his story) was destined to die neither "during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, neither riding nor walking, not clothed and not naked, nor by any weapon lawfully made." He was safe until his wife, Blodeuwedd, learning of these foretold conditions, convinced him to show her how he could theoretically be stepping out of a river onto a riverbank sheltered by a roof and put one foot on a goat, and so on, thus enabling the conditions that allowed him to be killed.
[edit] English literature
Prohibitions and taboos that fit the patterns of geasa are also found in more recent English literature, though they are not described as geasa in those texts. For example, in William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Macbeth believes himself safe because "no man of woman born shall harm Macbeth."
[edit] Modern fiction
The ideas and terminology associated with geasa continue in modern literature, especially in fantasy fiction and other works which incorporate influences from Celtic mythology or Celtic polytheism.
Some role-playing games mention geasa as "spells" or "powers", though these "geasa" are often only loosely inspired by the historical concept. For instance, in Dungeons and Dragons there are two such "spells": "lesser geas", which forces the victim to obey a command issued by the caster, and "geas/quest", which is much the same but with more severe penalties.[3]
In the anime Code Geass, a power known as "Geass" is obtained by the major characters from a race of immortal beings through a contract. In the case of the main character Lelouch, the power "Geass" allows him to give orders and commands to other humans and have them absolutely follow them; his contract fulfillment with C.C. is unknown. In the case of the Emperor, he can manipulate the memories of others; his contract with V.V. is to destroy the gods. This "Geass" is said to have came from the Geis legend.
The manga series Chrono Crusade marks the "geas" as both a form of contract between a summoner and a demon, the use of which prohibits the demon from disobeying the summoner under threat of severe pain (though, Viscount Lerajie is able to break his geas and kill his summoner after secretly amassing enough power to overcome it) and the control code held over all horned demons by Pandaemonium (circumvented by The Sinners upon physically removing their horns).
In the Discworld novel Sourcery, Rincewind the Wizzard (sic) meets "Nijel the Destroyer", a great Hero who has been hero-ing for about a week or so in his wooly underwear. Nijel claims to have a geas, which Rincewind confuses with a type of bird.
[edit] Etymology
In both Old and Modern Irish it is spelled geis. The Old Irish plural is gessi. The Modern Irish plural is geasa.
Geas (plural geasan) is the Scottish Gaelic spelling.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b MacKillop, James (1998) A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1 p.249
- ^ MacKillop (1998) pp.115-117
- ^ Dungeons&Dragons 3.5: Geas / Quest, d20srd.org
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