Fox administration
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Vicente Fox was the 64th President of Mexico from December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2006. After the federal elections in 2000, his administration ended with more than 70 years rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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[edit] Cabinet
In contrast with his predecessors,[1] President Fox chose the members of his cabinet through head hunters.[2][3] At the beginning of his term, Fox dubbed his Cabinet as "el gabinetazo" ("the Super Cabinet"), as a way to recognize the capacity of the Cabinet members.[4] Fox had originally stated that the Cabinet chosen at the beginning of his term would last 6 years, throughout his term, however, this did not happen.[5]. One of the members of his cabinet was Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (subsequently elected President of Mexico), who served as Secretary of Energy for eight months, and resigned under pressure for his Presidential ambitions,[6][7] when competing for the nomination of his party against Secretary of the Interior, Santiago Creel.[8][9]
[edit] Economy
Vicente Fox was one of the few Presidents to avoid a major economic upheaval during office, however economy grew at the slowest pace in history, second only to the de la Madrid administration[10]. During the three decades before Fox was elected, Mexico experienced some level of economic devaluations at the end of three of the four presidential terms from 1970 to 1994, until Ernesto Zedillo who let the peso-dollar parity float at the beginning of his term (1994-2000). Zedillo passed the office to Fox without any economic urgency. In 2006, Vicente Fox, like Zedillo did in 2000, left the office to his successor without any significant currency devaluation.
According to Banco de México (Mexico's Central Bank), inflation rates during Fox's term went from 11%, in January 2000, at the beginning of his term, to 4.05% on December 2006, at the end of his term. Throughout most of Fox's term, inflation was consistently below 6%, mostly around 4.5%. According to the Central Bank, inflation hadn't been as low as during Fox's term since before 1973 (the lowest inflation record between January 1973 and December of 1999 was above 6%, most frequently going in double, sometimes triple-digits).[11] Thanks to the Fox government's disciplined spending, Mexico created an estimated 1 million new jobs in 2006, a record.[12]
GDP growth dropped from an average of 5.1% in the Zedillo administration[13] to the lowest in a decade, an average of 2.2% during Fox's administration.[14] According to Fox's first government report address (equivalent to the state of the union address in the United States),[15] some sectors affected were mining ((-1.5% growth), manufacturing (-2.28% growth), and construction (-5.36%). At the same time the following sectors did not decrease: electricity, gas and water (1.76% growth), services (2.65%).
Fox's cabinet blamed the low growth on the slow-down of the Economy of the United States, but as this country started growing again in 2002-2003 Mexico did not grow at the same pace and was surpassed by China as the second import partner of the United States.[16] Fox had promised growth of 7% during his campaign and blamed Congress for the low economic growth but his administration had foreseen growth of 3.4% even without the approval of structural reforms, especially fiscal reforms.
Tax revenue as a proportion of GDP fell from 10.6% at the beginning of his administration to 9.7% at the end of his term.[17] In contrast with previous administrations, debt as a proportion of GDP did not grow during Fox's term.[18]
Minimum wages during Fox's administration increased at a nominal rate of 34% from $35.12 pesos per day in January 2000 to $47.05 in December 2006. However, when translated to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), real wages during Fox decreased 3.8%, from $80.27 PPP pesos in January 2000, to $77.07 PPP pesos in December 2006. According to Banco de México, this compares favorably to previous administrations, for wages had decreased by 305% from $296.22 PPP pesos per day in January 1976, to $73.91 PPP pesos per day on December of 1999. Minimum wages had decreased, in real terms, an average of 38% per Presidential administration from 1976 to 2000.[19]
During Vicente Fox's term, the number of registered taxpayers grew by 35%. According to data by the Tributary Administration Service, the main driver behind this increase was growth in salary-based workers, starting in 2004, and that amounted to a 217% rate of growth compared to 2000 for this group of taxpayers. The more than 12 million salary-based workers who are registered to pay tax constitute 56% of the taxpaying base.[20]
Job creation stalled during the first four years of Fox's administration. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit[21] not only jobs were not created from 2000-2004 but the number of street vendors increased 40%. This workforce does not pay income or sales tax and significant minority of it participates on illicit activities such as smuggling of foreign goods and piracy. The latter grew during Fox's term to a multi-billion industry that produces 8 billion dollars a year.[22] Net sales of the clothing industry in Mexico is calculated at approximately 1,500 million dollars, of which 910 million dollars are from clothing smuggled into the country.[23]
The number of registered workers afiliated to the Mexican Social Security Institute decreased from 11,026,370 in December 2000 to 10,881,160.[21] Unemployment increased from 2.7% in 2002 to 3.2 in 2003, and the number of non-payroll workers increased to 20 million people or roughly half of the population able to work. Jobs in maquiladoras decreased by 30%[24]
Housing was among Vicente Fox's top priorities. By 2006, the Infonavit, the federal fund for workers' housing, had 60% "market share" in the mortgage business, granting 435,000 credits a year, with an expected yearly growth of 24%.[25]
During Vicente Fox's presidency, the Mexican Stock Exchange reached record highs throughout his term.[26][27][28] The record highs were caused by a better economic outlook throughout his term, larger international reserves, and a better debt rating that led to lower interest rates.[29]
In 2002, Mexico reached a GDP per capita of 9,381 dollars per year and thus became a medium-high income country.[30] Five years later, Mexico went from beneficiary to full contributor of the United Nations Development Program.
Mexico suffered a drop in competitiveness during Fox's administration. In 2006, Mexico took the 56th place of 60 countries in the World Competitiveness Yearbook due to poor infrastructure and ease of doing business as well as the inability of reducing manufacturing costs such as electricity.[23]. Regrettably the large investment in infrastructure in the country during his presidency did not translate in lower costs for manufacturers. The efforts of Fox's government did not produce the expected results because of a lack of coordination between government bodies. To address this in 2004, Fox launched an Economic Policy for Competitivity ("Política Económica para la Competitividad" or PEC) however, improvement in this area is not expected until after the year 2013.[23]
[edit] Human Development
| Human Development Index (HDI) in Mexico |
||
|---|---|---|
| Year | HDI1 | Annual increase (%) |
| 1975 | 0.689 | 1.335 |
| 1985 | 0.755 | 0.544 |
| 1990 | 0.764 | 0.238 |
| 1995 | 0.782 | 0.471 |
| 2000 | 0.809 | 0.206 |
| 2003 | 0.814 | |
| 1 Source: United Nations Development Programme, 2005 Human Development Reports | ||
| Human Development Index (HDI) in Latin America (2003) |
||
|---|---|---|
| Country | HDI | 2000-2003 increase (%) |
| Argentina | 0.863 | 0.82 |
| Chile | 0.854 | 1.30 |
| Uruguay | 0.840 | — |
| Costa Rica | 0.838 | 0.72 |
| Cuba | 0.817 | — |
| Mexico | 0.814 | 0.62 |
| Panama | 0.804 | 1.26 |
| Venezuela | 0.772 | 0 |
| 1 Source: United Nations Development Programme, 2005Human Development Reports | ||
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. The table on the right shows the Human Development Index (HDI) of Mexico from 1975 to 2003 along with yearly percentage increases.
HDI improved in the first three years of the Fox administration 0.206% annually, the lowest increase in almost three decades. During the last year of the Zedillo administration Mexico reached for the first time in history, a HDI of 0.8 which is considered to represent high development.[31].
In addition, it is important to note that during the first three years of the presidency of Vicente Fox, many countries such as Canada, France and Great Britain, reported low increases and even some decreases[31] while countries like Cuba[32] surpassed Mexico at 0.817 as well as Costa Rica with a 0.838 HDI[33] and Argentina with a 0.863 HDI[34], Brazil's HDI increased 1.17% from 2000 to 2003[35] while Mexico's HDI only increased 0.62% from 2000 to 2003.
[edit] Relations with Congress
In his inaugural speech, Vicente Fox said that with his Presidency started a new era of relations between the three political powers. "The President will propose, and the Congress will dispose", he said. This implied that, contrary to what was perceived of Presidents before him, Fox would respect the separation of powers and negotiate with Congress any reform that he wished to undertake.[36]
The first major controversy between Fox and Congress occurred during the discussion of a comprehensive tax reform[37] that included a value added tax of 15% on all products, including food and medicine, to replace the complex system of discretionary exceptions that still exists today. Congress rejected the reform as proposed by Fox.
From then on, Fox's term was characterized by the strained relation between the Legislative and the Executive. Lawmakers from the opposition parties admitted they had a hard time dealing with Fox, while lawmakers from Fox's party claimed that there were "legislative excesses".[38]
In his last annual state of the union address in September 2006, President Fox was prevented by leftist lawmakers from delivering his speech. He became the first president to not read his report before Congress and instead gave a televised address to the nation.[39]
[edit] Foreign policy
Before Vicente Fox, Mexico had a foreign policy "doctrine" known as the Estrada Doctrine, so named after its creator, Genaro Estrada (Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the Presidency of Pascual Ortiz Rubio). The Estrada Doctrine was a foreign policy directorate that favored an enclosed view of sovereignty. It claimed that foreign governments should not judge, for good or bad, governments or changes in governments in other nations, because it would imply a breach of their sovereignty.[40]
President Fox appointed Jorge Castañeda to be his Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Castañeda immediately broke with the Estrada Doctrine, promoting what was called by critics the Castañeda Doctrine. The new foreign policy called for an openness and an acceptance of criticism from the international community, and the increase of national involvement in Foreign Affairs.[41]
During Fox's term, Mexico actively sought (and gained) a temporary seat on the UN Security Council.[42]. However, Luis Ernesto Derbez, Fox's Secretary of Foreign Affairs after Castañeda, unsuccessfully ran for the position of Secretary General of the Organization of American States, losing to Chilean José Miguel Insulza.
Mexico hosted several international summits during Fox's administration.[43] In the Monterrey Summit of 2001, which ended in the adoption of the Monterrey Consensus, President Fox and his Foreign Relations cabinet were protagonists of one of the most serious diplomatic scandals of his administration. For the Summit, many heads of State were invited to the International Conference on Financing for Development. However, in the early stages of the meeting Cuban President Fidel Castro surprisingly stood and said that he was leaving the city because of a "a special situation created by my participation in this Summit". Fox repeatedly denied Castro's allegations that he was asked to leave the summit, as per the U.S. request.[44] Several weeks after the incident, a recorded phone call between Fox and Castro where the Mexican president asks Castro to leave before George Bush arrived at the summit was leaked to the press.[45].
[edit] Relations with the United States
In the opinion of editorialists in the media and think tanks like COHA, the Castañeda Doctrine was "overtly submissive" to the United States. COHA's opinion was based on Mexico's support of Guatemala for a seat in the UN Security council, instead of supporting Venezuela, the contending candidate for the seat.[46] Andrés Manuel López Obrador criticized the "Castañeda Doctrine", saying that Mexico should not "get involved in the internal lives of other people, because we do not want other people involved in our internal lives".[47] Indeed, the new foreign policy doctrine openly invited other nations to scrutinize Mexican internal affairs, in contrast with the previously prevalent Estrada Doctrine, which was criticized as an excuse to negate foreign criticism on the previous establishment.[41] Finally, José Galán, an editorialist in La Jornada, accused the Fox administration of not doing enough to stop border violence against Mexican nationals.[48] However, during the country's appointment to the UN Security Council, Mexico did not support the U.S. lead invasion of Iraq,[49] damaging US-Mexico relations.[50]
During Fox's administration, Mexico pushed negotiations for a "comprehensive immigration reform" that addressed the problem of illegal immigration to the United States. The issue has been called "The Whole Enchilada" by Fox's administration, and states that "immigration reform in the United States should address mutual border problems, the rights of undocumented immigrants, and the development of regions in Mexico that 'expel' migrants".[51]. However, according to former U.S. ambassador to Mexico Jeffrey Davidow, no formal negotiations occurred between the parties, all discussions on the subject were informal.[52]
The immigration reform that Fox hoped to achieve included a Guest Worker Plan, "The best thing that can happen to both our countries is to have an orderly flow, a controlled flow, of migration to the United States".[53]This reform was supported by president Bush and approved by the U.S. Senate, however, the bill was rejected by the House of Representatives.[54] According to the Washington Post, the hopes for the approval of the bill are lower than ever and have been complicated by the recent approval of the SBI (Secure Border Initiative), a bill that includes building a 700-mile (1,100 km) triple fence between the U.S. and Mexico.[55]
During Fox's presidency the net migration rate in Mexico increased 152% from -2.84 migrants per 1,000 habitants in 2000[56] to -4.32 in 2006;[57] comparably in the same period the population growth decreased 35% from 1.57%[58] to 1.16%.[57] Fox, who was said to be "proud" of Mexican immigrants in the U.S.[59] has acknowledged the importance of remittances by both legal and illegal Mexican workers in the U.S. (now the #1 source of revenue for the country)[60][61]'; sparking criticism from U.S. conservatives that claim that Mexico advocates soft migration policies to continue the influx of foreign generated capital instead of promoting a healthier economy that offers better opportunities to Mexicans slowing migration to the US.[62][63]
[edit] Relations with Latin American countries
Fox created a plan to develop Central America, called the Plan Puebla Panama. He has been criticized for his support of it.[64][65][66]
Vicente Fox had several controversies with Latin American countries such as with president of Cuba, Fidel Castro after the Monterrey Summit as well as the president of Argentina, Néstor Kirchner related to the FTAA during the 2005 Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas, and with Ricardo Lagos, then President of Chile regarding the new OAS Secretary General election, 2005 details and president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, about his presumed support for the U.S. president George W. Bush.
[edit] 2005 Summit at Mar del Plata
The Fourth Summit of the Americas took place on November 4 and the 5th in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Fox assisted with the other 33 presidents of countries in the Americas.[67] Fox would attempt to reinitiate talks of support for the creation of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).[68] However, discussion on the FTAA was not in the agenda of the Summit.[69]
Upon his arrival to Mar del Plata, Hugo Chávez, president of Venezuela, declared:[70]
| “ | Today the FTAA is dead and we are going to bury it here. We are here to change the course of history. | ” |
Fox responded that the FTAA could be created with all of the countries in the Americas with the exception of Venezuela or the countries of the Mercosur.[71]
Marco Aurelio Garcia, one of the closest advisers to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil, declared that Fox carried himself with haste in supporting the FTAA.[69] Garcia declared that Fox's comment that the FTAA would be created with or without the Mercosur angered many.[69] Fox did not applaud after Néstor Kirchner's presentation at the Summit, and when Fox attempted to bring the issue of the FTAA Kirchner that the FTAA was not the topic at hand at the Summit.[72] Fox responded to the press declaring that Kirchner was more concerned with pleasing people in his country than the success of the Summit. Kirchner replied that Fox should attend to the Mexicans because it was the Argentine people who voted for him.[72] The parliamentary groups of the PAN, PRI, PRD and PVEM in the Senate approved a motion to express their disillusionment about the performance of Fox and Derbez, his Secretary of Foreign Affairs, at the Summit[73]
[edit] Education, science, and technology
According to René Drucker, coordinator of basic science research for UNAM, "no other government in recent history has neglected research in the basic sciences as Fox's".[74] Fox's plan for the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, was that by 2006 this organization would receive 1% of the GDP, however the budget for this organization for FY 2006 was 0.33% of the GDP.[75].[76] Federal Government investment on Research and development in 2004 was 0.41% in Mexico versus 0.95% in Brazil and 0.6% in Chile.[77]
[edit] José Vasconcelos Library
The José Vasconcelos Library, labeled by the press as the "Megabiblioteca" ("megalibrary"), is considered the largest investment in infrastructure in the Fox administration. The library is spread on 38,000 square meters[78] and had an initial planned cost of 954 million pesos (roughly 98 million dollars).[79]
Fox inaugurated the Library May 16, 2006 declaring that this is one of the most advanced constructions of the 21st century, and it would be spoken of throughout the world.[80] This inauguration took place a week before the deadline the president had to promote his accomplishments before the 2006 presidential election[81]
The Library had to be closed down in March 2007 because of defects of construction.[82] The Superior Auditor of the Federation detected 36 irregularities in its construction and issued 13 motions of responsibility for public servants of the federal government.[82] Among the irregularities found was the misplacement of marble blocks at a cost of 15 million pesos (roughly 1.4 million dollars).[82]
During the Calderón administration efforts to restore it continued with a further investment of 32 million pesos (roughly 3 million dollars)[83]
[edit] 2006 presidential election
Fox openly expressed his support to Santiago Creel to become the candidate of the PAN in the 2006. When Felipe Calderón was chosen as a candidate, Fox expressed his support to him and his dislike towards his opponent populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador prior to and during the 2006 elections. On Chapter 14 of Luis Mandoki's Who is Mr. López? documentary titled "Foxilandia"[84] Alfonso Durazo, Fox's former personal secretary, declared that no previous President was ever as active campaigning for candidates of his own party as was Fox. After Calderón's win, the elections were contested by López Obrador. The Electoral Tribunal of the Judicial Power of the Federation declared the election to be clean but highlighted Fox's influence in it, declaring that it was the greatest irregularity in the election. Alfonsina Bertha Navarro, minister of the Electoral Tribunal, declared[85]:
| “ | Let's remember that he made indirect or metaphoric comments that affected the competing political positions in the election, and even made explicit mentions related to the process; an interference that constitutes the greatest irregularity detected during the development of the process | ” |
In August 2006, El Universal polled 600 people in Mexico City, where López Obrador served as Head of Government from 2000 to 2005, and 59% believed that the 2006 elections were fraudulent and 63% believed votes should have been recounted[86]. In February 2007, Fox declared about the desafuero process of López Obrador[87]:
| “ | I had to retreat and lost. But 18 months later, I got even when my candidate won. | ” |
[edit] Texcoco and San Salvador Atenco
In 2001, Fox announced the construction of a 2.3 billion dollar international airport in the municipalities of Texcoco and San Salvador Atenco in the State of México to relieve congestion at the overcrowded Mexico City airport, the busiest in Latin America. This new airport would bring thousands of new jobs to an area ravaged by extreme poverty.[88].
The proposed airport plan would relocate 4,375 families and convert 5,000 hectares of farmland.[89] Peasants from these areas resisted relocation and formed the Community Front in Defense of Land in 2002. Soon the protests turned violent and protesters held hostages and state forces had to be sent to negotiate their release, while Fox announced no change in plans had been considered.[90] After the federal government's failure to negotiate with the farmers the plans for the new airport had to be canceled. The protesters, many of which wore black ski mask made famous by rebels in Chiapas[91] became instant heroes to poor farmers nationwide.[91] while journalists, like Sergio Sarmiento called this issue "the biggest failure" of Fox's tenure and declared:
| “ | The precedent is terrible. Never before has the government so openly promoted the use of violence to resolve conflicts.[91] | ” |
This is in spite of the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.[92] Jorge Montaño, a former Mexican ambassador to the United States considered Fox was too "naive" to think these farmers would easily give up their lands and that his government should have taken more time negotiating with the farmers of Atenco instead of simply sending out engineers to measure runways and calculate flight paths. Montaño also declared that the compensation these farmers were offered were the minimum allowed under the law (3,000 pesos an acre, roughly 275 US dollars) before raising the offer to 21,000 pesos an acre (1,900 US dollars).[91]
After the cancellation, 76% of Mexicans polled thought more unrest would follow the president during his term.[91]
In May 2006, a group of flower vendors was being relocated from a market of Texcoco, according to a plan of the PRD-led municipal government.[93] The group refused to leave and asked the assistance of the Community Front in Defense of the Land who confronted the police department of Texcoco with machetes. The situation escalated and police officers were held hostage by the protestors.[93] State and federal forces were sent to the site.[94] According to municipal government servants the protesters have felt invincible since the airport incident.[95] The confrontation resulted in two deaths and dozens of injuries. On November 9 of the same year, the Attorney General's office admitted to torture and sexual abuse against the protesters.[96]
Fox blamed the Atenco group, lead by Ignacio Valle, for the incident and ordered his arrest calling the group an "insult to society".[97] In October 2006, two months before leaving office, Fox declared that the social conflicts of Atenco and Chiapas were solved and Oaxaca would be solved before his successor took office.[98]
[edit] Congressional investigations
Congress has opened two investigations but has failed to produce evidence to prosecute the Bribiescas. During one of the investigations Fox called the deputies "delinquents".[99] A third congressional investigation was announced in May 2007.[100]
[edit] See also
- Vicente Fox
- List of Presidents of Mexico
- National Action Party (Mexico)
- Mexican general election, 2000
- Mexican general election, 2006
- Foxilandia
[edit] References
- ^ El gabinete de Fox (Spanish). La Revista Peninsular. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ El Gabinete Foxista by Grupo Reforma (In Spanish, Requires Subscription) "Se contrató a cuatro empresas especializadas en la búsqueda de talentos al más alto nivel, que propusieron cerca de 400 candidatos; luego un comité hizo una evaluación previa y finalmente presentaron 120 candidatos con características sobresalientes de acuerdo con sus áreas de especialización y el perfil de solidez ética que había exigido Fox; sobre todo se buscó que tuvieran una gran capacidad de trabajar en equipo para acabar con los feudalismos anteriores. Muchos curricula fueron integrados a una base de datos, con una evaluación previa. Ciertas figuras que eran mencionadas en los diferentes medios tuvieron entrevistas con el comité de selección y algunos llegaron a la recta final, quedando fuera perfiles destacados, como Julio Boltvinik y otros."
- ^ Cynthia García. Fox y sus cazadores de cabezas. Milenio Semanal. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Octavio Islas, Fernando Gutiérrez. Un gabinete fragmentado (Spanish). Número 29. Razon y Palabra. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Los cambios en el gabinetazo by Noticieros Televisa "Contratados por seis años, les dijo el Presidente. Pero varios no pudieron cumplir con este plazo."
- ^ 'La descalificación fue injusta' - El Universal - México
- ^ Su aspiración no es un secreto - El Universal - México
- ^ Aspiraciones políticas vulneran al gobierno - El Universal - México
- ^ Admite Creel que impulsan su candidatura - El Universal - México
- ^ Crecimiento del PIB de México
- ^ Indices de Precios al Consumidor published by Banco de México]
- ^ MySA.com: Business
- ^ "Mexico's Domestic Economy", in Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics, Crandall, Paz and Roett (editors) Lynne Reiner Publishers, United States
- ^ El Universal, June 21, 2006.
- ^ Primer Informe de Gobierno, September 1, 2001.
- ^ CIA Factbook on the United States.
- ^ FoxEconomy
- ^ FoxEconomy
- ^ Consulta de Estructura de Información
- ^ Registro de contribuyentes crece 35% en el sexenio de Fox (Spanish). El Universal (February 6, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ a b La Jornada, May 21, 2005
- ^ La Jornada, February 22, 2007.
- ^ a b c ManufacturaWeb.
- ^ United Nations Development Programme, 2000-2003 Mexico report.
- ^ Pramerica Real Estate Investors
- ^ Alcanza Bolsa Mexicana nuevo máximo histórico by El Universal on December 11, 2005.
- ^ Alcanza Bolsa Mexicana nuevo máximo histórico by El Universal on January 7, 2006.
- ^ Alcanza Bolsa Mexicana nuevo máximo histórico, gana 1.25% by El Universal on April 29, 2006.
- ^ El riesgo país de México se colocó en niveles mínimos by El Universal
- ^ El Universal, México pasa de beneficiario a aportador del PNUD, May 9, 2007.
- ^ a b IV
- ^ HDI:Cuba
- ^ HDI:Costa Rica
- ^ HDI:Argentina.
- ^ HDI:Brazil
- ^ "El Congreso Propone y el Congreso Dispone: las nuevas relaciones entre el ejecutivo y el legislativo en México by Benito Nacif of Universidad Iberoamericana
- ^ Comenzaron los jaloneos legislativos por la reforma fiscal by Proceso.
- ^ Tormentosa, relación Ejecutivo-Legislativo con Fox: PRI y PAN by Diario de México
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "la doctrina Estrada dice que México no debe juzgar, ni para bien ni para mal, los gobiernos ni los cambios en el gobierno de otras naciones porque implicaría una intromisión en su soberanía."
- ^ a b "La nueva diplomacia mexicana se definió con base en el cambio político inaugurado el 2 de julio del 2000 y en las transformaciones del mundo. Por tanto, México será activo en defensa de la democracia que le costó muchos años consolidar por la vía de la alternancia."
- ^ Mexico Wins UN Council Seat, Strengthening Fox's World Role - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum
- ^ Mexico becomes conference hotspot: latest international summit confirms Mexico as a top destination for bigshots. | Travel, Hospitality & Tourism > Destinations & Attractions from AllBusiness.com
- ^ Grupo Fórmula - López-Dóriga
- ^ Cuba - Castaneda - Mexico - Castro - Worldpress.org
- ^ Fox Chooses U.S. Over Latin America, Continuing Mexico’s Accommodation to Washington’s Regional Primacy
- ^ Con Estados Unidos a una sana distancia
- ^ La Jornada
- ^ War Threat Divides World, Some Feel U.S. Is Justified, Others Worry About War's Consequences - CBS News
- ^ Fox Realizes Mexico's Opposition to Iraq War "Damaged U.S-Mexican Relations". U.S. Border Control (May 2003). Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ MIGRATION-US: Mexico Still Wants "The Whole Enchilada"
- ^ El oso y el puercoespín · ELPAÍS.com
- ^ Dallas Morning News | News for Dallas, Texas | Mexico News | Dallas Morning News
- ^ Bill rejected by House of Representatives
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook 2000 - Net migration rate
- ^ a b Mexico, The CIA factbook.
- ^ Globalis - an interactive world map - Mexico - Annual population growth rate
- ^ Mexico's Fox Urges Fairness for Immigrants - washingtonpost.com
- ^ Give and take across the border / 1 in 7 Mexican workers migrates - most send money home
- ^ SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Mexico - Remittances are Mexico's biggest source of income, says Fox
- ^ http://www.federalistjournal.com/fedblog/?p=2767
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico/Economy#Remittances
- ^ http://www.iadb.org/ppp/
- ^ http://www.projectcensored.org/publications/2004/16.html
- ^ CorpWatch : PPP: Plan Puebla Panama, or Private Plans for Profit?
- ^ Mar del Plata Summit
- ^ Fox viaja a Mar del Plata para darle fuerza al ALCA, November 2, 2005.
- ^ a b c Brasil dice que Fox metió la pata en Mar del Plata, November 29, 2005.
- ^ Leave dissenters out of trade pact: Fox:"Today the FTAA is dead and we are going to bury it here. We are here to change the course of history.", Taipei Times, November 6, 2005.
- ^ Título: Brazil's Lula: Doha Talks Take Precedence Over FTAA Close, November 6, 2005
- ^ a b El cortocircuito entre Kirchner y Fox en las portadas de los diarios mexicanos, La Nación, November 9, 2005.
- ^ Senado mexicano lamenta actuación de Fox en Mar del Plata, November 10, 2005.
- ^ Fox sacó cero en impulso a la ciencia, dice Drucker Colín
- ^ TODoS@CICESE - La gaceta electrónica
- ^ TODoS@CICESE - La gaceta electrónica
- ^ Gasto en desarrollo e investigación, El Universal, March 16, 2007.
- ^ Arranca la megabiblioteca, May 11, 2006.
- ^ En orden los recursos de Biblioteca Vasconcelos: CAPFCE, April 4, 2006.
- ^ Inaugura Fox megabiblioteca "José Vasconcelos", May 16, 2006.
- ^ La Biblioteca Vasconcelos, Universia, May 18, 2006.
- ^ a b c La ASF pide fincar responsabilidad a funcionarios de Vicente Fox, March 30, 2007.
- ^ 32 mdp más a la ´megabiblioteca´, El Universal, May 31, 2007.
- ^ Who is Mr. López?, Chapter 14: "Foxilandia"
- ^ Injerencia de Fox, irregularidad mayor del proceso: magistrados, La Jornada, September 6, 2006.
- ^ Se opone al plantón 65% en DF: encuesta, El Universal, August 14, 2006.
- ^ Fox: perdí una ante AMLO, pero me desquité, February 13, 2007.
- ^ Runyan, Curtis. "Informed Debate: The Public Battle over Mexico City’s New Airport", World Resources Institute, April 2003. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. (English)
- ^ A-Infos
- ^ Mexican Farmers Hold off Police in Airport Battle, July 14, 2002.
- ^ a b c d e Double-Edged Machete in Mexico Fight, Kevin Sullivan, The Washington Post, August 9, 2002.
- ^ "Warrant for Mexico ex-president", BBC News, 2006-06-30. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. (English)
- ^ a b Ramon, Rene. "Un muerto y decenas de heridos al enfrentarse ejidatarios y policías", El Universal, 2006-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Resendiz, Francisco. "San Salvador Atenco, "foco rojo" desde hace 25 años", El Universal, 2006-02-14. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Resendiz, Francisco. "San Salvador Atenco, "foco rojo" desde hace 25 años", El Universal, 2006-02-14. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Alcántara, Liliana. "PGR admite: en Atenco se incurrió en tormento", El Universal, 2006-06-09. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Vargas, Rosa Elvira. "Achaca Fox a ejidatarios la responsabilidad de la violencia", El Universal, 2006-05-05. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Roman, Jose Antonio. "Fox da por resueltos casos Chiapas, Atenco y, próximamente, Oaxaca", El Universal, 2006-10-24. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ Critican senadores que Fox proteja a Bribiesca. El Porvenir (February 11, 2006). Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
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