Formal methods

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In computer science and software engineering, formal methods are mathematically-based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems.^[1] The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analyses can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design.^[2] However, the high cost of using formal methods means that they are usually only used in the development of high-integrity systems, where safety or security is important.

Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Specification 1.2 Development 1.3 Verification 1.3.1 Human-directed proof 1.3.2 Automated proof 2 Criticisms 3 Formal methods and notations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Uses

Formal methods can be applied at various points through the development process. (For convenience, we use terms common to the waterfall model, though any development process could be used.)

[edit] Specification

Formal methods may be used to give a description of the system to be developed, at whatever level(s) of detail desired. This formal description can be used to guide further development activities (see following sections); additionally, it can be used to verify that the requirements for the system being developed have been completely and accurately specified.

The need for formal specification systems has been noted for years. In the ALGOL 60 Report, John Backus presented a formal notation for describing programming language syntax (later named Backus normal form or Backus-Naur form (BNF)); Backus also described the need for a notation for describing programming language semantics. The report promised that a new notation, as definitive as BNF, would appear in the near future; it never appeared.

[edit] Development

Once a formal specification has been developed, the specification may be used as a guide while the concrete system is developed (i.e. realized in software and/or hardware). Examples:

• If the formal specification is in an operational semantics, the observed behavior of the concrete system can be compared with the behavior of the specification (which itself should be executable or simulateable). Additionally, the operational commands of the specification may be amenable to direct translation into executable code.
• If the formal specification is in an axiomatic semantics, the preconditions and postconditions of the specification may become assertions in the executable code.

[edit] Verification

Once a formal specification has been developed, the specification may be used as the basis for proving properties of the specification (and hopefully by inference the developed system).

[edit] Human-directed proof

Sometimes, the motivation for proving the correctness of a system is not the obvious need for re-assurance of the correctness of the system, but a desire to understand the system better. Consequently, some proofs of correctness are produced in the style of mathematical proof: handwritten (or typeset) using natural language, using a level of informality common to such proofs. A "good" proof is one which is readable and understandable by other human readers.

Critics of such approaches point out that the ambiguity inherent in natural language allows errors to be undetected in such proofs; often, subtle errors can be present in the low-level details typically overlooked by such proofs. Additionally, the work involved in producing such a good proof requires a high level of mathematical sophistication and expertise.

[edit] Automated proof

In contrast, there is increasing interest in producing proofs of correctness of such systems by automated means. Automated techniques fall into two general categories:

• Automated theorem proving, in which a system attempts to produce a formal proof from scratch, given a description of the system, a set of logical axioms, and a set of inference rules.
• Model checking, in which a system verifies certain properties by means of an exhaustive search of all possible states that a system could enter during its execution.

Neither of these techniques work without human assistance. Automated theorem provers usually require guidance as to which properties are "interesting" enough to pursue; model checkers can quickly get bogged down in checking millions of uninteresting states if not given a sufficiently abstract model.

Proponents of such systems argue that the results have greater mathematical certainty than human-produced proofs, since all the tedious details have been algorithmically verified. The training required to use such systems is also less than that required to produce good mathematical proofs by hand, making the techniques accessible to a wider variety of practitioners.

Critics note that such systems are like oracles: they make a pronouncement of truth, yet give no explanation of that truth. There is also the problem of "verifying the verifier"; if the program which aids in the verification is itself unproven, there may be reason to doubt the soundness of the produced results.

[edit] Criticisms

The field of formal methods has its critics. At the current state of the art, proofs of correctness, whether handwritten or computer-assisted, need significant time (and thus money) to produce, with limited utility other than assuring correctness. This makes formal methods more likely to be used in fields where the benefits of having such proofs, or the danger in having undetected errors, makes them worth the resources. Example: in aerospace engineering, undetected errors may cause death, so formal methods are more popular than in other application areas.

At times, proponents of formal methods have claimed that their techniques would be the silver bullet to the software crisis. Of course, it is widely believed that there is no silver bullet for software development, and some have written off formal methods due to those overstated, overreaching claims.

[edit] Formal methods and notations

There are a variety of formal methods and notations available, including

• Abstract State Machines (ASMs)
• Alloy
• B-Method
• Process calculi
  • CSP
  • π-calculus
• Actor model
• Esterel
• Lustre
• mCRL2
• Petri nets
• RAISE
• VDM
  • VDM-SL
  • VDM++
• Z notation

[edit] See also

• Formal verification
• Formal system
• Automated theorem proving
• Model checking
• Software engineering
• Software engineering disasters
• Formal methods people
• Rebeca Modeling Language

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• B Method.com : his site is designed to present different work and subjects concerning the B method, a formal method with proof
• Foldoc:formalmethods
• Formal Methods Europe (FME)
• FME's wiki on formal methods
• Formal methods publications
• Virtual Library formal methods
• Who's who in formal methods
• Meetings
• Organizations
• Companies

This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.