First Diet of Speyer
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The First Diet of Speyer was the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Speyer, Germany.
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[edit] Cause
As Protestantism advanced, the execution of the Edict of Worms (1521—Edict by Charles V outlawing Luther and all his writings with death sentences and confiscatory penalties for anyone found with them in their possession—such as a printer[1]) became less and less practicable. This was made manifest at the imperial First Diet of Speyer]], held in the summer of 1526. Although the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, had originally intended to attend this meeting, committments in the rest of his territories forced him to cancel his visit. Instead, the Diet was held under Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, in the name of his older brother the Emperor. Ferdinand was instructed to bring the two sides together. [2]
The Protestant princes dared here for the first time to profess their faith, and were greatly strengthened by the delegates of the imperial cities in which the Reformation had made great progress. The threatening invasion of the Turks, and the quarrel of the Emperor with the Pope, favored the Protestant cause, and inclined the Roman Catholic majority to forbearance.
The build-up to the Diet was also marked by the gradual emergence of various groupings of princes along the lines of religion. Most notable among these were John, Elector of Saxony, and Philip of Hesse, who formed a League at Gotha, which they then concluded at Torgau in February 1526, thus forming the League of Torgau.[3]
[edit] Decision
As always for the host town of diets, accommodation and provision for several thousand guests, the elector of Saxony alone travelling with 700 guests and 400 horses, were a challenge for the council, inhabitants and landlords. On the other hand, such events provided a town with considerable earnings. After the grand opening on the June 25, 1526 with processions of princes and envoys to the cathedral and the ceremonious high mass, the Diet continued for two months.
Charles's propositions for the Diet asked that the Edict of Worms be carried out, that heresy and rebellion be put down, and that any final decisions on religion be postponed until the meeting of a general council.[3] The princes, however, managed to negotiate some very different conclusions to the Diet.
The Diet came with the consent of Ferdinand to the unanimous conclusion, on August 27, that a general or national council should be convened for the settlement of the church question, and that in the mean time, in matters concerning the Edict of Worms, "every State shall so live, rule, and believe as it may hope and trust to answer before God and his imperial Majesty." This action was not designed to annul the Edict of Worms, and to be a permanent law of religious liberty, which gave to each member of the Diet the right to act as he pleased. It was merely an armistice, or temporary suspension of the Edict of Worms until the meeting of a general council, and within the limits of obedience to the Catholic Emperor who had no plans to grant religious liberty, or even toleration, to Protestants.
But in its practical effect the resolution of 1526 went far beyond its intention. It was a great help to the cause of Protestantism, especially as the council which the Diet contemplated, and which the Emperor himself repeatedly urged upon the Pope, was postponed for twenty years. In the mean time the Protestant princes, notably Philip of Hesse at the Synod of Homberg (October 20, 1526), and the Elector John of Saxony, interpreted the decree according to their wishes, and made the best use of the temporary privilege of independent action, regardless of its limitations or the views of the Emperor. Luther himself understood the Diet of Speyer as having given him a temporary acquittal of heresy.
In a slightly separate set of decisions, the Diet also decided that the Imperial Regiment and the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht), next to the Emperor the highest ranking representatives of state power in the Holy Roman Empire, were both to be moved to Speyer the following year.
[edit] Aftermath
Emperor Charles V neither signed nor opposed the edict of Speyer. He had shortly before fallen out with Pope Clement VII, because this Pope released King Francis I of France from the hard conditions of peace imposed upon him after his defeat at Pavia, February 24, 1525, and placed himself at the head of a Franco-Italian league against the preponderance of Austria the League of Cognac, (May 22, 1526). The league of the Emperor and the Pope had brought about the Edict of Worms; the breach between the two virtually annulled it at the Diet of Speyer. Had the Emperor now embraced the Protestant doctrines, he might have become the head of a German imperial state church. But all his instincts were against Protestantism.
The action of the Diet of 1526, and the quarrel between the Emperor and the Pope, were highly favorable to the progress of the Reformation. But the good effect was in great part neutralized by a stupendous fraud which brought Germany to the brink of a civil war.
Philip of Hesse, an ardent, passionate, impulsive, ambitious prince, and patron of Protestantism, was deceived by an unprincipled and avaricious politician, Otto von Pack, provisional chancellor of the Duchy of Saxony, into the belief that Ferdinand of Austria, the Electors of Mainz and Brandenburg, the Dukes of Saxony and Bavaria, and other Roman Catholic rulers had concluded a league at Breslau, May 15, 1527, for the extermination of Protestantism. He procured at Dresden a sealed copy of the forged document, for which he paid Pack four thousand guilders. He persuaded Elector John of Saxony of its genuineness, and concluded with him, in all haste, a counter-league, March 9, 1528. They secured aid from other princes, and made expensive military preparations, to anticipate by a masterstroke an attack of the enemy.
Fortunately, the Reformers of Wittenberg were consulted, and prevented an open outbreak by their advice. Martin Luther deemed the Papal forces had enough for any thing, but was from principle opposed to aggressive war; Philip Melanchthon saw through the forgery, and felt keenly mortified. When the fictitious document was published, the Roman Catholic princes indignantly denied it. Duke George denounced Pack as a traitor. Archduke Ferdinand declared that he never dreamed of such a league.
The rash conduct of Philip put the Protestant princes in the position of aggressors and disturbers of the public peace, and the whole affair brought shame and disgrace upon their cause.
[edit] Significance
At all events, from this time dates the exercise of territorial sovereignty, and the establishment of separate State churches in Germany. And as that country is divided into a number of sovereign States, there are there as many Protestant church organizations as Protestant States, according to the maxim that the ruler of the territory is the ruler of religion within its bounds (Cuius regio, eius religio).
Every Protestant sovereign hereafter claimed and exercised the so-called jus reformandi religionem, and decided the church question according to his own faith and that of the majority of his subjects. Saxony, Hesse, Prussia, Anhalt, Lüneburg, East Friesland, Schleswig-Holstein, Silesia, and the cities of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Frankfurt, Ulm, Strassburg, Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, adopted Protestantism. The princes of the territories and the magistrates of the cities consulted the theologians and preachers. The powerful house of Austria, with the Emperor, and the Dukes of Bavaria, adhered to the old faith, and hotly contested the principle of independent state action on the church question, as being contrary to all the traditions of the Empire and of the Roman Church.
The Protestant princes and theologians prohibited the mass and the Roman religion wherever they had the power. Each party was bent upon victory, and granted toleration only from necessity or prudence when the dissenting minority was strong enough to assert its rights. Toleration was the fruit of a bitter contest, and was at last forced upon both parties as a modus vivendi. Protestantism had to conquer the right to exist, by terrible sacrifices. The right was conceded by the Peace of Augsburg, 1555, and finally established by the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which first uses the term toleration in connection with religion, and remains valid to this day, in spite of the protest of the Pope. The same policy of toleration was adopted in England after the downfall of the Stuart dynasty in 1688, and included all orthodox Protestants, but excluded the Roman Catholics, who were not emancipated till 1829. In Germany, toleration was first confined to three confessions—the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the German Reformed—but was gradually extended to other religious communions which are independent of state support and state control.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Dennis Bratcher, ed.. The Edict of Worms (1521). Retrieved on 2008-05-30. “"Against each and every one of the books and writings under the name of the said Luther already published or to be published, and also against those who henceforth will print, buy, or sell those books and writings."...
For the crime of lèse majesté [high treason] and for very serious offense and indignation against the prince.
Item. Confiscation and loss of body and belongings and all goods, fixed and movable, half of which will go to the Lord, and the other half to the accusers and denouncers. With other punishments as given more fully in the present edict and mandate.” - ^ S Macdonald, Charles V, (2000)
- ^ a b Karl Brandi (1939). The Emperor Charles V[1], 246.
- Philip Schaff History of the Christian Church, Volume VII, 1882
- Karl Brandi, The Emperor Charles V, 1939
- S Macdonald, The Emperor Charles V, 2000
