find
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The find program is a directory search utility on Unix-like platforms. It searches through one or more directory trees of a filesystem, locating files based on some user-specified criteria. By default, find returns all files below the current working directory. Further, find allows the user to specify an action to be taken on each matched file. Thus, it is an extremely powerful program for applying actions to many files. It also supports regex matching.
The find program is no longer preferred for searching for files by name in the entire filesystem. Instead, the locate programs, which use a database of indexed files (obtained through find), are more efficient.
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[edit] Find syntax
A single white space is needed to divide syntax elements when writing a find command. Otherwise, some usage error will come up.
[edit] Examples
[edit] From current directory
find . -name 'my*'
This searches in the current directory (represented by a period) and below it, for files and directories with names starting with my. The quotes avoid the shell expansion - without them the shell would replace my* with the list of files whose names begin with my in the current directory. In newer versions of the program, the directory may be omitted, and it will imply the current directory.
[edit] Files only
find . -name "my*" -type f
This limits the results of the above search to only regular files, therefore excluding directories, special files, pipes, symbolic links, etc. my* is enclosed in quotes as otherwise the shell would replace it with the list of files in the current directory starting with my...
[edit] Commands
The previous examples created listings of results because, by default, find executes the '-print' action. (Note that early versions of the find command had no default action at all; therefore the resulting list of files would be discarded, to the bewilderment of users.)
find . -name "my*" -type f -ls
This prints an extended file information.
[edit] Search all directories
find / -name "myfile" -type f -print
This searches every file on the computer for a file with the name myfile. It is generally not a good idea to look for data files this way. This can take a considerable amount of time, so it is best to specify the directory more precisely.
[edit] Specify a directory
find /home/weedly -name "myfile" -type f -print
This searches for files named myfile in the /home/weedly directory, the home directory for userid weedly. You should always specify the directory to the deepest level you can remember.
[edit] Search several directories
find local /tmp -name mydir -type d -print
This searches for directories named mydir in the local subdirectory of the current working directory and the /tmp directory.
[edit] Ignore errors
If you're doing this as a user other than root, you might want to ignore permission denied (and any other) errors. Since errors are printed to stderr, they can be suppressed by redirecting the output to /dev/null. The following example shows how to do this in the bash shell:
find / -name "myfile" -type f -print 2>/dev/null
[edit] Find any one of differently named files
find . \( -name "*jsp" -or -name "*java" \) -type f -ls
The -ls option prints extended information, and the example finds any file whose name ends with either 'jsp' or 'java'. Note that the parentheses are required. Also note that the operator "or" can be abbreviated as "o". The "and" operator is assumed where no operator is given. In many shells the parentheses must be escaped with a backslash, "\(" and "\)", to prevent them from being interpreted as special shell characters. The -ls option and the -or operator are not available on all versions of find.
[edit] Execute an action
find /var/ftp/mp3 -name "*.mp3" -type f -exec chmod 744 {} \;
This command changes the permissions of all files with a name ending in .mp3 in the directory /var/ftp/mp3. The action is carried out by specifying the option -exec chmod 744 {} \; in the command. For every file whose name ends in .mp3, the command chmod 744 {} is executed replacing {} with the name of the file. The semicolon (backslashed to avoid the shell interpreting it as a command separator) indicates the end of the command. Permission 744, usually shown as rwxr--r--, gives the file owner full permission to read, write, and execute the file, while other users have read-only access. In some shells, the {} must be quoted.
Note that the command itself should *not* be quoted; otherwise you get error messages like
find: echo "mv ./3bfn rel071204": No such file or directory
which means that find is trying to run a file called 'echo "mv ./3bfn rel071204"' and failing.
If you will be executing over many results, it is more efficient to pipe the results to the xargs command instead.
[edit] Search for a string
This command will search for a string in all files from the /tmp directory and below:
find /tmp -exec grep "search string" '{}' /dev/null \; -print
The /dev/null argument is used to show the name of the file before the text that is found. Without it, only the text found is printed. An equivalent mechanism is to use the "-H" or "--with-filename" option to grep:
find /tmp -exec grep -H "search string" '{}' \; -print
GNU grep can be used on its own to perform this task:
grep -r "search string" /tmp
Example of search for "LOG" in jsmith's home directory
find ~jsmith -exec grep "LOG" '{}' /dev/null \; -print
/home/jsmith/scripts/errpt.sh:cp $LOG $FIXEDLOGNAME
/home/jsmith/scripts/errpt.sh:cat $LOG
/home/jsmith/scripts/title:USER=$LOGNAME
Example of search for the string "ERROR" in all xml files in the current directory and all sub-directories
find . -name "*.xml" -exec grep "ERROR" '{}' \; -print
The double quotes (" ") surrounding the search string and single quotes (' ') surrounding the braces are optional in this example, but needed to allow spaces and other special characters in the string.
[edit] Search for all files owned by a user
find . -user <userid>
[edit] See also
- locate, a Unix search tool based on a prebuilt database therefore faster than find
- List of Unix programs
- List of DOS commands
[edit] External links
- GNU Findutils - Comes with the xargs and locate commands.
- Official webpage for GNU find
- Softpanorama find tutorial
- : search for files in a directory hierarchy – Linux man page
- Exercises "Find"
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