Ex parte Milligan
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| Ex parte Milligan | ||||||||||||
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| Argued March 5, 1866 Decided April 3, 1866 |
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| Holding | ||||||||||||
| Suspension of habeas corpus is unconstitutional when civilian courts are still operating; the Constitution provided for suspension of habeas corpus only if civilian courts are actually forced closed. | ||||||||||||
| Court membership | ||||||||||||
| Chief Justice: Salmon P. Chase Associate Justices: James Moore Wayne, Samuel Nelson, Robert Cooper Grier, Nathan Clifford, Noah Haynes Swayne, Samuel Freeman Miller, David Davis, Stephen Johnson Field |
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| Case opinions | ||||||||||||
| Majority by: Davis Joined by: Clifford, Field, Grier, Nelson Concurrence by: Chase Joined by: Wayne, Swayne, Miller |
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| Laws applied | ||||||||||||
| U.S. Const. | ||||||||||||
Ex parte Milligan, , was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus when civilian courts are still operating as unconstitutional.
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[edit] Background of the case
Lambdin P. Milligan and four others were accused of planning to steal Union weapons and invade Union prisoner-of-war camps. Once the first prisoner of war camp was liberated they planned to use the liberated soldiers to help fight against the Government of Indiana and free other camps of Confederate soldiers. They also planned to take over the state governments of Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. When the plan leaked, they were charged, found guilty, and sentenced to hang by a military court in 1864. However, their execution was not set until May 1865, so they were able to argue the case after the Civil War ended.
[edit] Arguments
The argument for the United States was delivered by Benjamin F. Butler, a Massachusetts lawyer and state legislator, and future Governor of Massachusetts.
The argument for the petitioner was delivered by Jeremiah S. Black, former Attorney General and Secretary of State, James A. Garfield, future President, and New York lawyer David Dudley Field.
[edit] The Court's decision
The Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States provided for suspension of habeas corpus only if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the Court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during times of war.
It observed further that during the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, citizens may be only held without charges, not tried, and certainly not executed by military tribunals. After all, the writ of habeas corpus is not the right itself but merely the ability to issue orders demanding the right's enforcement.
It is important to note the political environment of the decision. Post-war, under a Republican Congress, the Court was reluctant to hand down any decision that questioned the legitimacy of military courts, especially in the occupied South. The President's ability to suspend habeas corpus independently of Congress, a central issue, was not addressed probably because it was moot with respect to the case at hand. Though President Lincoln suspended the writ nationwide on September 24, 1862, Congress ratified almost six months later, on March 3, 1863. Milligan was detained in 1864, well after Congress formally suspended the writ. That notwithstanding, military jurisdiction had been limited.
[edit] See also
- Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War
- List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 71
- Ex Parte Merryman
- Ex parte Quirin
- Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
[edit] References
- Klaus, Samuel. The Milligan Case. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970.
