Ernest Reyer
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Louis Étienne Ernest Rey (December 1, 1823 – January 15, 1909) was a French opera composer and music critic.
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[edit] Biography
Ernest Reyer was born in Marseille. His father, a notary, did not want his son take up a career in music. However, he did not block his son's ambitions and allowed him to attend classes at the Conservatoire from age six to sixteen. In 1839 , when he was 16 years old, Ernest traveled to north Africa to work under his brother-in-law Farrenc, head of accounting for the Treasury Department in Algeria. The job was not a good fit with Royer's temperament, who was nonchalant and undiciplined. From administrative documents, it is apparent that Reyer wrote innumerable youthful essays and stories, and original dance pieces. Some of his early compositins achieve local notariety and recieved favorable comments in the Algerian press, including a Mass performed at the catherdral that was performed for the arrival of the Duke of Aumale in 1847.
He returned to Paris during the events 1848. During this period, he was introduced to the bohemian artists of Paris, including Gustave Flaubert and Théophile Gautier. Southern France and Provence held its allure, and Reyer of returned to socialize with local people with whom he loved to play dominoes while smoking a pipe, which he said was his best source of inspiration.
His aunt, Louise Farrenc, professor of piano at the Conservatoire and a talented composer in her own right, directed Reyer's musical studies. In 1850, he composed a symphonic ode with choirs with text by Theophile Gautier, which was conducted by Sélam at the Théatre Italien. Four years later, in 1854, he composed music for an opera in one act, Maître Wolfram ("Master Wolfram"), whose libretto was by Joseph Méry. Hearing a performance of this work at the Opéra Comique, the teacher and composer, Hector Berlioz, recognized Reyer's talent. He said that the music of the composer from Marseille had "nothing in common with the somewhat affected, somewhat dilapidated approach the Paris muse [...]. His melodies are natural [...]. There's heart and imagination there."
Gradually, some fame came Reyer's way. In 1857, the critic Charles Monselet wrote: "Is this a musician who writes, or a writer who makes music? I do not know, but I am hopeful that this spirited boy will make his way to singing and writing." Admittedly, Reyer was not (yet) unanimously praised and some critics pointed-out that his orchestration had not achieved a level of musical genius.
The following year he composed a ballet, Sakountala, with a story, once again, by Theophile Gautier. The ballet was played twenty-four performances through to 1860.
In 1861, Reyer composed a comic opera in three acts and six scenes, La Statue ("The Statue"), whose plot was inspired by "One Thousand and One Nights" (also knowns as: "Arabian Nights") with a libretto by Michel Carré and Jules Barbier. In less than two years, La Statue achieved sixty performances, an impressive figure for the period.
Reyer's work was finally universally recognized in 1862, and the composer Marseille became a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. The same year, he composed Erostrate, an opera in two acts, which was played in August 1862 in Baden-Baden, under the auspices of great families in Europe, which earned him the distinction of receiving the Red Eagle from the hands of the Queen of Prussia.
Little by little, however, his reputation began to decline. The same Érostate failed completely in Paris and was staged for only three performances, which deprived the work of a possible production at the Opéra.
The best-known of his five operas is Sigurd (1884); it was quite popular in France during its initial production there (it had its premiere in Brussels at the Théâtre de La Monnaie in January of 1884), and is sometimes (although rarely) revived. Sigurd is based on the Scandinavian legends of the Edda Volsunga saga (Nibelungenlied), the same source which Richard Wagner drew upon for the libretto for his Ring cycle. The music of Sigurd, however, is quite unlike the music of Wagner. While Reyer admired Wagner, he developed his music more along the lines of his mentor, Hector Berlioz. Listening to Sigurd, one cannot help but hear echoes of Les Troyens or Benvenuto Cellini, embued with the same heroic musical posture.
Reyer's last opera was Salammbô (1890), based on the novel by Gustave Flaubert, which achieved 46 performances from may to December 1892. The work had been composed several years earlier but had been met with initial resistance by administrators, as had Sigurd. It was first performed at the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels in 1890, and at the Théâtre des Arts in Rouen.
Reyer, unable to support himself on the proceeds from his operas, succeeded Hector Berlioz as music critic at the Journal des débats; he also worked as the librarian at the Académie de musique.
Other compositions by Reyer include a symphonic ode entitled Le Sélam for soprano, tenor, baritone, chorus & orchestra; a ballet entitled Sacuntala (also the title of a famous overture by Karl Goldmark and of an opera by Franco Alfano).
[edit] Selected compositions
- Chœur des buveurs et chœurs des assiégés, ca. 1848.
- Le Sélam, 1850.
- Maître Wolfram, 1854.
- Sakountala, 1858.
- Chant des paysans (from Les Volontaires de 1814 by V. Séjour), 1861.
- La Statue, 1860.
- Erostrate, 1862.
- L'Hymne du Rhin, words by Méry, 1865.
- La Madeleine au désert, poems by Ed. Blau, 1874.
- Marche tzigane.
- Recueil de mélodies et de fragments d'opéras.
- Sigurd, 1884.
- Salammbô, 1890.
- Tristesse, poems by Ed. Blau, 1884.
- L'Homme, poems by G. Boyer, 1892.
- Trois sonnets, poems by C. du Locle.
[edit] Selected writings in French
- Notes de musiques, Charpentier, 1875.
- Notice sur Félicien David, Académie des Beaux-Arts, 17 November 1877.
- Berlioz, Revue des Revues, 1 January 1894.
- Quarante ans de musique (1857-1899), posthumus publication with préface and notes by Henriot, Calmann-Lévy, 1910, in-8°.
[edit] Sources
- G. Kordes, Ernest Reyer : progressiste ou conservateur ? Son esthétique de l'opéra réalisée dans Sigurd : Figures d'époque (Ernest Reyer : progressist or conservative? His aesthetics of opera in Sigurd : Figures of the epoch), Bull. de la société Th.-Gautier, n°15, 1993.
- Henri de Curzon, « Ernest Reyer, sa vie et ses œuvres », Revue de musicologie, 1924.
- C. E. Curinier, Dictionnaire national des contemporains, 1899
- Charles Monselet, La Lorgnette littéraire : dictionnaire des grands et des petits auteurs de mon temps, éd. Auguste Poulet-Malassis and Eugène de Broise, 1857, p. 188.
