Emperor Horikawa
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Emperor Horikawa (堀河天皇 Horikawa-tennō) (August 8, 1079 – August 9, 1107) was the 73rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1087 through 1107.[1]
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[edit] Genealogy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[2] was Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王).[3]. He was also known as Yoshihito-tennō.[4]
Horikawa was the son of Emperor Shirakawa. His mother was Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原賢子), adopted daughter of Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実).
- 1099-1162 Imperial Princess ?? (悰子内親王)
- 1103-1156 Imperial Prince Munehito (宗仁親王) (Emperor Toba) - note: raised by his father, Emperor Shirakawa after Munehito's mother's death
- 1103-1159 Kangyō (寛暁) - High Priest
- 1105-1162 Prince ?? (最雲法親王) - Buddhist Priest; head priest of Tendai sect
- Imperial Princess Kishi (喜子内親王)
- Imperial Princess ?? (懐子内親王)
[edit] Empresses and consorts
- 1060-1114 Empress (chūgū): Imperial Princess ?? (篤子内親王) - fourth daughter of Emperor Go-Sanjō, and hence his aunt
- 1076-1103 Empress (kōgō): Fujiwara ?? (藤原苡子)
- ????-1126 Lady-in-waiting: Minamoto ?? (源仁子) - Daughter of Prince ?? (康資王)
- ????-1129 Lady-in-waiting: Fujiwara ?? (藤原宗子), daughter of Fujiwara (藤原隆宗) - later wife of Fujiwara ?? (藤原家保)
- Daughter of Fujiwara ?? (藤原時経)
[edit] Events of Horikawa's life
He became Crown Prince and became emperor on the same day that his father abdicated. His reign was overshadowed by the cloistered rule of former emperor Emperor Shirakawa.
- Ōtoku 3, on the 26th day of the 11rd month (1086): In the 14th year of Emperor Shirakawa-tennō's reign (白河天皇14年), the emperor died; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his second son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Horikawa is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[5]
His father's kampaku, Fujiwara Morozane became sesshō (regent), but Shirakawa held actual power as cloistered Emperor. Horikawa filled his reign with scholarship, tanka, and music.
When his empress consort (kōgō) died, his son, Imperial Prince Munehito, who had become Crown Prince (and later became Emperor Toba) was taken to be raised by Horikawa's father, the retired Emperor Shirakawa.
Horikawa died at age 29 in Kajō 2, on the 19th day of the 7th month 1107. He had reigned 20 years -- seven years in the nengō Kanji, two years in Kahō, one year in the nengō Eichō, two years in Jōtoku, five years in the nengō Kōwa, two years in Chōji, and two years in the nengō Kajō.[8]
Horikawa is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Emperor Horikawa today named Kinugasa-yama. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Horikawa died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.[9]
Emperor Horikawa was succeeded by his son, Munehito, who would take the name Emperor Toba.[8]
[edit] Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Horikawa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Sesshō, Fujiwara Morozane, 1043-1101.[10]
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Moromichi, 1062-1099.[10]
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Tadazane.[10]
- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Morozane.[10]
- Sadaijin
- Udaijin, Fujiwara Tadazane.[10]
- Nadaijin, Fujiwara Moromichi.[10]
- Dainagon
[edit] Eras of Horikawa's reign
The years of Horikawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[11]
- Ōtoku (1084-1087)
- Kanji (1087-1094)
- Kahō (1094-1096)
- Eichō (1096-1097)
- Jōtoku (1097-1099)
- Kōwa (1099-1104)
- Chōji (1104-1106)
- Kajō (1106-1108)
[edit] References
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 171-178; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 317-320; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 202.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]
- ^ Varley, p. 202.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 172; Brown, p. 317.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 172; Brown, p. 317; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
- ^ Titsingh, p. 177.
- ^ Brown, p. 319; Titsingh, p. 178.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 178.
- ^ Moscher, G. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide, pp. 277-278.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown, p. 318.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 171-178; Brown, p. 319.
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
[edit] See also
| Preceded by Emperor Shirakawa |
Emperor of Japan: Horikawa 1087-1107 |
Succeeded by Emperor Toba |
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