Economy of Angola
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| Economy of Angola | |
 |
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| Currency | Angolan kwanza (AOA) |
|---|---|
| Fiscal year | Calendar year |
| Trade organisations | AU, WTO |
| Statistics | |
| GDP (PPP) | $51.95 billion (2006) (82nd) |
| GDP growth | 14%[1] |
| GDP per capita | $4,300 (2006) |
| GDP by sector | agriculture (9.6%), industry (65.8%), services (24.6%) (2005) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 13.2% (2006) |
| Population below poverty line |
70% (2003) |
| Labour force | 70% (2003) |
| Labour force by occupation |
agriculture (85%), industry and services (15%) (2003) |
| Unemployment | "extensive unemployment and underemployment affecting more than half the population"[1] (2001) |
| Main industries | "petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, gold, cement, basic metal products, fish processing, food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar, textiles, and ship repair"[1] |
| External | |
| Exports | $35.53bn (2006) |
| Export goods | "crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton"[1] |
| Main export partners | U.S. 39.8%, the People's Republic of China 29.6%, France 7.8%, Chile 5.4%, Taiwan 4.4% 2005) |
| Imports | $10.21bn (2006) |
| Import goods | "machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts, medicines, food, textiles, military goods"[1] |
| Main import partners | South Korea 20.5%, Portugal 13.4%, U.S. 12.5%, South Africa 7.4%, Brazil 7%, France 5.1%, the People's Republic of China 5% (2005) |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | 32.7% of GDP (2006) |
| Revenues | $10.98bn (2006) |
| Expenses | $9.7bn (2006) |
| Economic aid | $383.5 million (1999) |
| Main data source: CIA World Factbook All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars |
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The Economy of Angola is the fastest-growing economy in Africa,[2] but is still recovering from the civil war that plagued Angola from independence in 1975 until 2002. Despite abundant natural resources, output per capita remains among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture and dependence on humanitarian food assistance sustain the large majority of the population. Little industry exists.
Contents |
[edit] History
The Portuguese discovered petroleum in Angola in 1955. Production began in the Cuanza basin in the 1950s, in the Congo basin in the 1960s, and in the exclave of Cabinda in 1968. The government granted operating rights for Block Zero to the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company, a subsidiary of ChevronTexaco, in 1955.[3] Oil production surpassed the exportation of coffee as Angola's largest export in 1973.
| Angolan oil production rates | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | thousand barrels per day | thousand cubic metres per day |
| 1974 | 172 | 27 |
| 1991 | 490 | 78 |
| 1995[4] | 635 | 101 |
| 2001[2] | 800 | 127 |
| 2006[5] | 1,460 | 232 |
Mobutu Sese Seko, the President of Zaire, met with António de Spínola, the transitional President of Portugal, on September 15, 1974 on Sal island in the Cape Verdes, crafting a plan to empower Holden Roberto of the National Liberation Front of Angola, Jonas Savimbi of UNITA, and Daniel Chipenda of the MPLA's eastern faction at the expense of MPLA leader Agostinho Neto while retaining the facade of national unity. Mobutu and Spínola wanted to present Chipenda as the MPLA head, Mobutu particularly preferring Chipenda over Neto because Chipenda supported autonomy for Cabinda. The Angolan exclave has immense petroleum reserves estimated at around 300 million tons (~300×109 kg) which Zaire, and thus the Mobutu government, depended on for economic survival.[6]
The Angolan government created Sonangol, a state-run oil company, in 1976. Two years later Sonangol received the rights to oil exploration and production in all of Angola.[3]
[edit] 1990s
United Nations Angola Verification Verification Mission III and MONUA spent USD1.5 billion overseeing implementation of the Lusaka Protocol, a 1994 peace accord that ultimately failed to end the civil war. The protocol prohibited UNITA from buying foreign arms, a provision the United Nations largely did not enforce, so both sides continued to build up their stockpile. UNITA purchased weapons in 1996 and 1997 from private sources in Albania and Bulgaria, and from Zaire, South Africa, Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Togo, and Burkina Faso. In October 1997 the UN imposed travel sanctions on UNITA leaders, but the UN waited until July 1998 to limit UNITA's exportation of diamonds and freeze UNITA bank accounts. While the U.S. government gave USD250 million to UNITA between 1986 to 1991, UNITA made USD1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds, primarily through Zaire to Europe. At the same time the Angolan government received large amounts of weapons from the governments of Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, the People's Republic of China, and South Africa. While no arms shipment to the government violated the protocol, no country informed the U.N. Register on Conventional Weapons as required.[7]
Despite the increase in civil warfare in late 1998, the economy grew by an estimated 4% in 1999. The government introduced new currency denominations in 1999, including a 1 and 5 kwanza note.[citation needed]
[edit] 2000s
An economic reform effort was launched in 1998.[citation needed] The Angolan economy ranked 160 out of 174 nations in the United Nations Human Development Index of 2000.[2] In April 2000 Angola started an International Monetary Fund (IMF) Staff-Monitored Program (SMP). The program formally lapsed in June 2001, but the IMF remains engaged. In this context the Government of Angola has succeeded in unifying exchange rates and has raised fuel, electricity, and water rates. The Commercial Code, telecommunications law, and Foreign Investment Code are being modernized. A privatization effort, prepared with World Bank assistance, has begun with the BCI bank. Nevertheless, a legacy of fiscal mismanagement and corruption persists.[citation needed] The civil war internally displaced 3.8 million people, 32% of the population, by 2001.[2] The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has led to the resettlement of 4 million displaced persons, thus resulting in large-scale increases in agriculture production.[citation needed]
Angola produced over 3 Mct of diamonds in 2003.[8] In 2004 China's Eximbank approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola to rebuild infrastructure.[9] The economy grew 18% in 2005 and growth was expected to reach 26% in 2006 and stay above 10% for the rest of the decade.[citation needed]
ChevronTexaco started pumping 50 kbbl/d (7.9×103 m3/d) from Block 14 in January 2000, but production has decreased to 57 kbbl/d (9.1×103 m3/d) as of 2007 due to the poor quality of the oil.[3] Angola joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries on January 1, 2007.[3]
Cabinda Gulf Oil Company found Malange-1, an oil reservoir in Block 14, on August 9, 2007.[10]
[edit] Overview
- See also: Agriculture in Angola
Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and 90% of exports. Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production which surpassed 1.4 million barrels per day (220×103 m3/d) in late-2005 and which is expected to grow to 2 million barrels per day (320×103 m3/d) by 2007. Control of the oil industry is consolidated in Sonangol Group, a conglomerate which is owned by the Angolan government. With revenues booming from oil exports, the government has started to implement ambitious development programs in building roads and other basic infrastructure for the nation.[citation needed]
In the last decade of the colonial period, Angola was a major African food exporter but now imports almost all its food. Because of severe wartime conditions, including extensive planting of landmines throughout the countryside, agricultural activities have been brought to a near standstill. Some efforts to recover have gone forward, however, notably in fisheries. Coffee production, though a fraction of its pre-1975 level, is sufficient for domestic needs and some exports. In sharp contrast to a bleak picture of devastation and bare subsistence is expanding oil production, now almost half of GDP and 90% of exports, at 800 thousand barrels per day (130×103 m3/d). Diamonds provided much of the revenue for Jonas Savimbi's UNITA rebellion through illicit trade. Other rich resources await development: gold, forest products, fisheries, iron ore, coffee, and fruits.[citation needed]
This is a chart of trend of nominal gross domestic product of Angola (since unification) at market prices using International Monetary Fund data;[11] figures are in millions of units.
| Year | USD | Angolan kwanza |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 5,066 | 14 |
| 2000 | 9,135 | 91,666 |
| 2005 | 28,860 | 2,515,452 |
[edit] Foreign trade
Exports in 2004 reached USD 10,530,764,911. The vast majority of Angola's exports, 92% in 2004, are petroleum products. USD 785 million worth of diamonds, 7.5% of exports, were sold abroad that year.[12] Nearly all of Angola's oil goes to the United States, 526 kbbl/d (83.6×103 m3/d) in 2006, making it the eighth largest supplier of oil to the United States, and to the People's Republic of China, 477 kbbl/d (75.8×103 m3/d) in 2006. The rest of its petroleum exports go to Europe and Latin America.[3] U.S. companies account for more than half the investment in Angola, with Chevron-Texaco leading the way. The U.S. exports industrial goods and services, primarily oilfield equipment, mining equipment, chemicals, aircraft, and food, to Angola, while principally importing petroleum.[citation needed] Trade between Angola and South Africa exceeded USD 300 million in 2007.[13]
[edit] Resources
[edit] Petroleum
Angolan petroleum production is second only to Nigeria in African oil production, and in January 2007 Angola became a member of OPEC. By 2010 production is expected to double the 2006 output level with development of deep-water offshore oil fields. Oil sales generated USD 1.71 billion in tax revenue in 2004 and now makes up 80% of the government's budget, a 5% increase from 2003, and 45% of GDP.[5][14]
Chevron Corporation produces and receives 400 kbbl/d (64×103 m3/d), 27% of Angolan oil. Elf Oil, Texaco, ExxonMobil, Agip, Petrobras, and British Petroleum also operate in the country.[4]
Block Zero provides the majority of Angola's crude oil production[15] with 370 kbbl/d (59×103 m3/d) produced annually. The largest fields in Block Zero are Takula (Area A), Numbi (Area A), and Kokongo (Area B). ChevronTexaco operates in Block Zero with a 39.2% share. SONANGOL, the state oil company, Total, and ENI-Agip own the rest of the block. ChevronTexaco also operates Angola's first producing deepwater section, Block 14, with 57 kbbl/d (9.1×103 m3/d).[3]
The United Nations has criticized the Angolan government for using torture, rape, summary executions, arbitrary detention, and disappearances, actions which Angolan government has justified on the need to maintain oil output.[16]
Angola is the third-largest trading partner of the United States in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely because of its petroleum exports.[17] The U.S. imports 7% of its oil from Angola, about three times as much as it imported from Kuwait just prior to the Gulf War in 1991. The U.S. Government has invested USD $4 billion in Angola's petroleum sector.[18]
[edit] Diamonds
Angola is the third largest producer of diamonds in Africa and has only explored 40% of the diamond-rich territory within the country, but has had difficulty in attracting foreign investment because of corruption, human rights violations, and diamond smuggling.[19] Production rose by 30% in 2006 and Endiama, the national diamond company of Angola, expects production to increase by 8% in 2007 to 10 million carats annually. The government is trying to attract foreign companies to the provinces of Bié, Malanje and Uíge.[20]
The Angolan government loses $375 million annually from diamond smuggling. In 2003 the government began Operation Brilliant, an anti-smuggling investigation that arrested and deported 250,000 smugglers between 2003 and 2006. Rafael Marques, a journalist and human rights activist, described the diamond industry in his 2006 Angola's Deadly Diamonds report as plagued by "murders, beatings, arbitrary detentions and other human rights violations." Marques called on foreign countries to boycott Angola's "conflict diamonds."[21] (:
[edit] Iron
Angola began mining iron in 1957, producing 1.2 million tons in 1967 and 6.2 million tons by 1971. In the 1970s 70% of Angola's iron exports went to Western Europe or Japan.[20]
[edit] Further reading
- McCormick, Shawn H. The Angolan Economy: Prospects for Growth in a Postwar Environment, 1994.
- OECD, International Energy Agency. Angola: Towards an Energy Strategy, 2006.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Angola CIA World Factbook
- ^ a b c d Birgitte Refslund Sørensen and Marc Vincent. Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced, 2001. Page 17.
- ^ a b c d e f Angola Energy Information Administration
- ^ a b Tvedten, Inge. Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, 1997. Page 82.
- ^ a b OECD, International Energy Agency. Angola: towards an energy strategy, 2006. Page 19.
- ^ Erik P. Hoffmann and Frederic J. Fleron. The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1980. Page 524.
- ^ Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Africa: Mining - Diamond Mining Mbendi
- ^ China grants additional USD 2 billion loan National Private Investment Agency
- ^ Chevron's Block 14 Offshore Angola Finds Success Again RigZone
- ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, April 2006. International Monetary Fund
- ^ 99.4% of Angola's exports are oil, diamonds Afrol News
- ^ Angola-South Africa trade worth over US$ 300 million per year MacauHub
- ^ OECD (2006). Page 30.
- ^ OECD (2006). Page 132.
- ^ Omeje, Kenneth C. High Stakes And Stakeholders: Oil Conflict And Security in Nigeria, 2006. Page 157.
- ^ United States Congress. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 1998: Hearings, 1997. Page 269.
- ^ Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch. Page 189.
- ^ Angola: U.S. Must Strengthen Ties to Protect Strategic Energy and Security Interests Council on Foreign Relations via AllAfrica
- ^ a b Angola wants foreign investors for diamond sector, July 26, 2007. Reuters
- ^ Angola to double diamond production in 2006 Afrol News
[edit] External links
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