Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
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Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (Tibetan: འགྲོ་མགོན་ཆོས་རྒྱལ་འཕགས་པ་; Wylie: 'Gro mgon Chos rgyal 'Phags pa; also written Dongon Choegyal Phakpa, Dromtön Chögyal Pagpa, etc.) (1235-1280) was the fifth leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism. He became the first vice-king of Tibet and played an important political role. He was also the guru and spiritual advisor to Kublai Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire and then the Yuan Dynasty of China.
[edit] Biography
In 1244 Sakya Pandita left for Prince Godan's royal camp with two of his young nephews, the ten year-old Phagpa and six year-old Chhana, who later published a collection of Sakya Pandita's writings. On the way, they stopped in Lhasa, where Phagpa pronounced its vows of young buddhist monk at the Jokhang monastery in front of the statue of the Jowo offered by the Princess Wencheng, the Chinese wife of Songsten Gampo.[1] Sakya Pandita preached sermons along his way and arrived at Prince Godan's camp in 1247 in Lanzhou in the current province of Gansu, where the mongol troops were exterminating Han Chinese by throwing them in a river. Sakya Pandita, horrified, gave religious instructions, and in particular that killing a sentient being is one of the worse acts according to Buddha Dharma.[1] He gave religious instruction to the prince and greatly impressed the court with his personality and powerful teachings. He is also said to have cured Prince Godan of a serious illness and, with the help of his nephew, Phagpa, he adapted the Uighur script so that the Buddhist Scriptures could be translated into Mongolian.[2] In return, was given "temporal authority over the 13 myriarchies [Trikor Chuksum] of Central Tibet."
After the death of Sakya Pandita, Phagpa remained at the camp of Prince Godan and learned Mongolian language. Five years later, Kublai Khan asked Godan to give him Chögyal Phagpa, who was then 23, and converted him to Buddhism. Shortly after, Kublai Khan in a succession fight, took over his brother, Möngke, and became the khan, the ruler of the Mongols and even later on became emperor of China. Kublai Khan in turn appointed Chögyal Phagpa as his Imperial Preceptor in 1260 the year when he became emperor of Mongolia. According to nowadays Mongols, Phagpa was the first one "to inaugurate theology politics of the relation between the State and the religion in the tibet-mongol buddhist world".[1][3] With the support of Kublai Khan, Chögyal Phagpa established himself and his sect as the preeminent political power in Tibet.
Kublai Khan commissioned Chögyal Phagpa to design a new writing system to unify the writing of the multilingual Mongolian Empire. Chögyal Phagpa in turn modified the traditional Tibetan script and gave birth to a new set of characters called Phagspa script which was completed in 1268. Kublai Khan decided to use the Phagspa script as the official writing system of the empire, including when he became emperor of China in 1271, instead of the Chinese ideogrammes.[1]The script was used for 110 years and is thought to have influenced the development of modern Korean script. However, it fell into disuse after the collapse of the Mongol Empire and the associated Yuan Dynasty in 1368.[1][4]
Pagspa's diaries for 1271 mention a foreign friend of Kublai Khan, who was quite possibly one of the elder Polos or even Marco Polo, although, unfortunately, no name is given.[5]
Thus began a strong alliance and the capital of Sakya, gDan-sa, became the capital of Tibet. This lasted until about the middle of the 14th century. During the reign of the 14th Sakya Trizin, Sonam Gylatsen, the Central Tibetan province of U was taken by the Myriarch, marking the "beginning of the end of the period of Sakya power in Central Tibet."[6][7]
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, pp. 114-117.Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin. Tibet: Its History, Religion and People, p. 195. Chatto & Windus (1969). Reprint: Penguin Books (1987).
- ^ F. W. Mote. Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.501.
- ^ F. W. Mote. Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.501.
- ^ Klafkowski, Piotr. (1977). "History of Buddhism in Mongolia—A Preliminary Survey", p. 28 and note. Buddhist Studies. The Journal of the Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi. May, 1977.
- ^ Penny-Dimri, Sandra. "The Lineage of His Holiness Sakya Trizin Ngawang-Kunga." The Tibet Journal, Vol. XX No. 4, Winter 1995, pp. 71-73.
- ^ Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. Tibet: A Political History (1967), p. 86. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
