Discrete space
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In topology, a discrete space is a particularly simple example of a topological space or similar structure, one in which the points are "isolated" from each other in a certain sense.
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[edit] Definitions
Given a set X:
- the discrete topology on X is defined by letting every subset of X be open, and X is a discrete topological space if it is equipped with its discrete topology;
- the discrete uniformity on X is defined by letting every superset of the diagonal {(x,x) : x is in X} in X × X be an entourage, and X is a discrete uniform space if it is equipped with its discrete uniformity.
- the discrete metric ρ on X is defined by
for any 
. In this case (X,ρ) is called a discrete metric space or a space of isolated points.
A metric space (E,d) is said to be uniformly discrete if there exists r > 0 such that, for any 
, one has either x = y or d(x,y) > r. The topology underlying a metric space can be discrete, without the metric being uniformly discrete: for example the usual metric on the set {1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, ...} of real numbers.
[edit] Properties
The underlying uniformity on a discrete metric space is the discrete uniformity, and the underlying topology on a discrete uniform space is the discrete topology. Thus, the different notions of discrete space are compatible with one another. On the other hand, the underlying topology of a non-discrete uniform or metric space can be discrete; an example is the metric space X := {1/n : n = 1,2,3,...} (with metric inherited from the real line and given by d(x,y) = |x − y|). Obviously, this is not the discrete metric; also, this space is not complete and hence not discrete as a uniform space. Nevertheless, it is discrete as a topological space. We say that X is topologically discrete but not uniformly discrete or metrically discrete.
Additionally:
- A topological space is discrete if and only if its singletons are open, which is the case if and only if it doesn't contain any accumulation points.
- The singletons form a basis for the discrete topology.
- A uniform space X is discrete if and only if the diagonal {(x,x) : x is in X} is an entourage.
- Every discrete topological space satisfies each of the separation axioms; in particular, every discrete space is Hausdorff, that is, separated.
- A discrete space is compact if and only if it is finite.
- Every discrete uniform or metric space is complete.
- Combining the above two facts, every discrete uniform or metric space is totally bounded if and only if it is finite.
- Every discrete metric space is bounded.
- Every discrete space is first-countable, and a discrete space is second-countable if and only if it is countable.
- Every discrete space is totally disconnected.
- Every non-empty discrete space is second category.
- Any two discrete spaces with the same cardinality are homeomorphic.
Any function from a discrete topological space to another topological space is continuous, and any function from a discrete uniform space to another uniform space is uniformly continuous. That is, the discrete space X is free on the set X in the category of topological spaces and continuous maps or in the category of uniform spaces and uniformly continuous maps. These facts are examples of a much broader phenomenon, in which discrete structures are usually free on sets.
With metric spaces, things are more complicated, because there are several categories of metric spaces, depending on what is chosen for the morphisms. Certainly the discrete metric space is free when the morphisms are all uniformly continuous maps or all continuous maps, but this says nothing interesting about the metric structure, only the uniform or topological structure. Categories more relevant to the metric structure can be found by limiting the morphisms to Lipschitz continuous maps or to short maps; however, these categories don't have free objects (on more than one element). However, the discrete metric space is free in the category of bounded metric spaces and Lipschitz continuous maps, and it is free in the category of metric spaces bounded by 1 and short maps. That is, any function from a discrete metric space to another bounded metric space is Lipschitz continuous, and any function from a discrete metric space to another metric space bounded by 1 is short.
Going the other direction, a function f from a topological space Y to a discrete space X is continuous if and only it if is locally constant in the sense that every point in Y has a neighborhood on which f is constant.
[edit] Uses
A discrete structure is often used as the "default structure" on a set that doesn't carry any other natural topology, uniformity, or metric; discrete structures can often be used as "extreme" examples to test particular suppositions. For example, any group can be considered as a topological group by giving it the discrete topology, implying that theorems about topological groups apply to all groups. Indeed, analysts may refer to the ordinary, non-topological groups studied by algebraists as "discrete groups" . In some cases, this can be usefully applied, for example combined with Pontryagin duality. A 0-dimensional manifold (or differentiable or analytical manifold) is nothing but a discrete topological space. In the spirit of the previous paragraph, we can therefore view any discrete group as a 0-dimensional Lie group.
While discrete spaces are not very exciting from a topological viewpoint, one can easily construct interesting spaces from them. For instance, a product of countably infinitely many copies of the discrete space of natural numbers is homeomorphic to the space of irrational numbers, with the homeomorphism given by the continued fraction expansion. A product of countably infinitely many copies of the discrete space {0,1} is homeomorphic to the Cantor set; and in fact uniformly homeomorphic to the Cantor set if we use the product uniformity on the product. Such a homeomorphism is given by ternary notation of numbers. (See Cantor space.)
In the foundations of mathematics, the study of compactness properties of products of {0,1} is central to the topological approach to the ultrafilter principle, which is a weak form of choice.
[edit] Indiscrete spaces
In some ways, the opposite of the discrete topology is the trivial topology (also called the indiscrete topology), which has the least possible number of open sets (just the empty set and the space itself). Where the discrete topology is initial or free, the indiscrete topology is final or cofree: every function from a topological space to an indiscrete space is continuous, etc.
[edit] Quotation
- Stanislaw Ulam characterized Los Angeles, California as "a discrete space, in which there is an hour's drive between points".[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Stanislaw Ulam's autobiography, Adventures of a Mathematician.
