Devastation class battleship
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.jpg/300px-HMS_Devastation_(1871).jpg) HMS Devastation in 1896 |
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| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Completed: | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement: | 9,188 tons |
| Length: | 285 ft (87 m) |
| Beam: | 62 ft 3 in (19 m) |
| Draught: | 27 ft 6 in (8 m) |
| Propulsion: | Two coal fired Penn trunk engines, 2 screws |
| Speed: | 13 knots (24 km/h) maximum |
| Range: | 4,700 nautical miles (8,700 km) |
| Complement: | 410 |
| Armament: | 4 × 12-inch (305 mm) rifled muzzle-loading guns mounted in two turrets |
| Armour: | 15 inches (380 mm) on turrets 12 inches (300 mm) on partial belt reducing to 10 inches (250 mm) at ends 3 inches (76 mm) on curved deck |
The two British Devastation-class battleships of the 1870s were the first class of ocean-going capital ship which did not carry sails, and the first which mounted the entire main armament on top of the hull rather than inside it. For the first fifteen years of their lives, they were the most powerful warships in the world.
The genesis of the design was a request by the First Lord of the Admiralty Hugh Childers to the head of ship design at the Admiralty, Edward Reed in early 1869 for a large breastwork monitor which could steam from Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland to Halifax in Canada.
He responded in February 1869 with an outline design, but complained that the upper limit on displacement of 3,000 tons was insufficient and suggested that 4,000 tons was more practical. At a meeting shortly afterwards of the Admiralty board it was agreed that the ship should have two 12-inch (305 mm) guns firing 600-pound (270 kg) shells mounted in each of two turrets protected by 14 inches (360 mm) of armour, which would each have a 280 degree field of fire. The turrets would be mounted on the centre-line one of which would be in front of the superstructure and one behind it. The ship would be protected by a 12-inch (300 mm) thick armour belt around the waterline.
A very low freeboard of 4 feet 6 inches (1.4 m) was agreed since the ship was now intended for coastal service in waters around the United Kingdom or service in the relatively calm Mediterranean. Twin steam engines and twin screws were felt necessary for security, and there was a strong feeling that masts and sails should be dispensed with. This was in part due to problems with masted turret warships, where the standing rigging for the masts interfered with the field of fire of the turrets, but their absence meant that the vessel could not operate far away from friendly coaling stations.
A replica of the proposed turret was constructed and tested at Shoeburyness in May 1872. The 11-inch (280 mm) armour plate backed by 15 inches (380 mm) of teak and a 1.25-inch (32 mm) metal skin resisted hits from a 25 ton gun firing at a range of 200 yards (180 m), although one shot hit a joint between plates and opened a gap 7 inches (180 mm) wide but did not penetrate.
The main belt was 12 inches (300 mm) of armour reducing to 10 inches (250 mm) at the ends, and backed by 18 inches (460 mm) of teak.
The loss of HMS Captain in 1870 led to concerns about the stability of turret ships, and a committee was set up to determine whether HMS Devastation would be safe. One effect of this was to extend the armoured breastwork with unarmoured structure to the sides of the ship and carried aft to improve the stability at large angles of heel. This greatly improved the crew comfort by adding extra accommodation and especially latrines, but since it was not armoured would have been riddled in a battle reducing the stability of the vessel.
In 1871 a 9-foot (2.7 m) long model of Devastation was tested in a water tank, and subsequently with an 18-foot (5.5 m) long version. Once Devastation was completed, tests could be carried out with the real ship. This included building up a roll of 7 degrees by having 400 men run backwards and forwards across the deck 18 times. Other tests involved taking it to sea to look for rough weather, in one trial waves of 20-26 feet (6-8 m) were encountered which gave the ship a 14 degree roll either way.
[edit] References
- David Brown, Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship development 1860-1905, Chatham Publishing.
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