Derek Bentley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) |
 |
The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.(December 2007) |
| Derek William Bentley | |
| Born | 30 June 1933 |
|---|---|
| Died | 28 January 1953 Wandsworth (HM Prison) |
Derek William Bentley (30 June 1933 – 28 January 1953) was hanged for a murder which was committed by a friend and accomplice of his in the course of a robbery attempt, creating a cause célèbre and leading to a 45-year-long successful campaign to win him a posthumous pardon.
Contents |
[edit] The incident that led to the death sentence
Bentley had a difficult upbringing. In April 1938 he is said to have fallen 15 feet from a lorry, landing on his head. This fall apparently concussed Bentley and triggered Epilepsy, which he suffered from for the rest of his life. His house was bombed twice during World War II and he suffered serious injury from a V1 flying bomb as rubble and bricks fell on him in an air raid.
Bentley was of limited intelligence - he was tested with an IQ of 66 at Kingswood Approved School in 1948 - and was unable to read or write. In 1944 he went to Norbury Secondary Modern school, which Christopher Craig also attended, though the two did not know each other yet as Craig was almost three years younger, being born in May 1936. Craig himself suffered from Dyslexia which was not recognised when he was at school. In November 1952 an IQ test stated that he was of low-average intelligence.
Bentley was at Kingswood approved school, near Bristol, between March 1948 and July 1950 for a theft he committed with another boy. He was released on license on 28 July 1950, until 29 September 1954, by which time he was dead.
Bentley became friends with Craig in late 1951. Bentley's parents both disliked Craig and banned him from calling at their house. However, he may have committed other thefts with him, though he always refused to take part in them if any violence was involved or could be involved. On 18 October 1952, Craig and Norman Parsley carried out an armed robbery on a Grocery. Parsley was sentenced to four years in prison at the Old Bailey for this offence, on the same day that both Craig and Bentley were convicted of murder.
[edit] The events of 2 November 1952
On the night of 2 November 1952, Craig and Bentley tried to break into the warehouse of confectionery manufacturers and wholesalers Barlow & Parker in Tamworth Road, Croydon, Surrey, England. The two youths were spotted climbing over the gate and up a drain pipe to the roof of the warehouse by a nine-year-old girl in a house across from the building. She alerted her parents and her father walked to the nearest telephone box and called the police.
When the police arrived, the two youths hid behind a lift-housing. One of the policemen, Detective Sergeant Frederick Fairfax, climbed the drain pipe onto the roof and grabbed hold of Bentley. Bentley broke free and was alleged by a number of police witnesses to have shouted the words "Let him have it, Chris". Both Craig and Bentley denied that those words were ever spoken.
Craig, who was armed with a revolver, opened fire, grazing Fairfax's shoulder. Nevertheless, Fairfax arrested Bentley, who is said to have told him that Craig had a Colt .45 and plenty of ammunition. The weapon was in fact a Colt .455 Eley calibre, for which Craig had a variety of undersized rounds, some of which he had had to modify to fit the gun. Craig had also sawn off half of the weapon's barrel, so that it would fit in his pocket. Bentley had a knife and a knuckle-duster in his pocket with a spike on, though he never used either. Craig, who himself made the knuckle-duster, had recently given him the weapons.
Following the arrival of more policemen, a group was sent onto the roof. The first to reach the roof was Police Constable Sidney Miles, who was immediately killed by a shot to the head. After exhausting his ammunition, Craig jumped some ten metres from the roof, fracturing his spine and left wrist when he landed on a greenhouse, at which point he was arrested.
Various medals were awarded to the several participating police officers, including one – posthumously – to Miles, and the George Cross to Fairfax.
[edit] Legal proceedings
Craig would not face execution if found guilty, as he was below the age of 18 when PC Miles was shot. Bentley on the other hand was. The trial took place before the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Goddard, at the Old Bailey in London between 9 December 1952 and 11 December 1952. The doctrine of 'constructive malice' meant that a charge of manslaughter was not an option, as the "malicious intent" of the armed robbery was transferred to the shooting. Bentley's best defence was that he was effectively under arrest when PC Miles was killed; however, this was only after an attempt to escape, during which a police officer had been wounded.
As the trial progressed the jury had more details to consider. The prosecution was unsure how many shots were fired and by whom, and a ballistics expert cast doubt on whether Craig could have hit Miles if he had shot at him deliberately: the fatal bullet was not found, Craig had used bullets of different under-sized calibres, and the sawn-off barrel made it inaccurate to a degree of six feet at the range from which he fired.[citation needed] There was also the question of what Bentley had meant by "Let him have it", if indeed he had said it.[citation needed] Though in the gangster movies of the time the expression meant "shoot", it could also be construed as signifying that Bentley wanted Craig to surrender the gun.[citation needed]
The Principal Medical Officer responsible was Dr Matheson, and he referred Bentley to Dr Hill, a psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital. Hill's report stated that Bentley was illiterate and of low intelligence, almost borderline retarded. However, Matheson was of the opinion that whilst Bentley was of low intelligence, he was not suffering from epilepsy at the time of the alleged offence, that he was not a "feeble-minded person" under the Mental Deficiency Acts, and that he was sane and fit to plead and stand trial. English law at the time did not recognise the concept of diminished responsibility due to retarded development, though it existed in Scottish law (it was introduced to England by the Homicide Act 1957). Criminal insanity – where the accused is unable to distinguish right from wrong – was then the only medical defence to murder. Bentley, while suffering severe debilitation, was not insane.
The jury took 75 minutes to decide that both Bentley and Craig were guilty of PC Miles's murder. Bentley was sentenced to death with a plea for mercy on 11 December 1952, while Craig was ordered to be detained at Her Majesty's Pleasure (he was eventually released in 1963 after serving 10 years' imprisonment and has been a law biding citizen ever since).
Bentley's lawyers filed appeals highlighting the ambiguities of the ballistic evidence, Bentley's mental age and the fact that he did not fire the fatal shot. These efforts failed to reverse his conviction, however, and the death sentence was mandatory.
David Maxwell Fyfe, who had helped to draft the European Convention on Human Rights, had become Home Secretary when the Conservatives returned to office in 1951. After reading the Home Office psychiatric reports he refused to request clemency from the Queen, despite a petition signed by over 200 of his fellow MPs.
Parliament was not allowed to debate Bentley's sentence until it had been carried out.[citation needed] The Home Office also refused Hill permission to make his report public.
At 9am on the morning of January 28, 1953, Derek Bentley was hanged at Wandsworth Prison by Albert Pierrepoint. When it was announced the execution had been carried out, there were protests outside the prison and two people were arrested and later fined for damage to property.
[edit] To Encourage the Others
In his 1971 work on the case, To Encourage the Others, David Yallop rigorously documented Bentley's mental deficiencies, inconsistencies in the police and forensic evidence, and the conduct of the trial. He proposed the theory that Miles was actually killed by a bullet from a gun other than Craig's sawn-off .455 revolver. Yallop drew this conclusion from an interview with Dr David Haler, the pathologist who carried out the autopsy on Miles, who Yallop reports estimated the head wound was inflicted by a bullet of between .32 and .38 calibre fired from between six to nine feet away. Craig had been firing from a distance of just under 40 feet, and had used a variety of under-sized .41, and .45 calibre rounds in his revolver; Yallop asserted it would have been impossible for him to use a bullet of .38 or smaller calibre. Haler did not offer in his trial evidence any estimate of the size of the bullet that had killed Miles. Craig accepts that the bullet that killed Miles came from his gun, but maintains that all of his shots were fired over the rear garden of a house adjacent to the warehouse, approximately 20 degrees to the right of Miles's location from where Craig had been firing.
The standard Metropolitan police pistol at the time was the .32 Webley automatic, a number of which were issued on the night, although it was claimed[citation needed] that they arrived on the scene after Miles was killed and that the only ammunition not returned was two rounds fired by Fairfax. At least one witness, however, claims[citation needed] to have seen armed officers on the scene before Miles was shot. In his book The Scientific Investigation of Crime, the prosecution's ballistics expert Lewis Nickolls stated that he recovered four bullets from the roof, two of .45, one of .41 and one of .32 calibre. The latter was not entered as an exhibit in the trial, nor mentioned in Nickoll's evidence to the court.
When Yallop telephoned Haler the day after the initial interview, he reportedly confirmed his estimate of the bullet size. Shortly before the publication of Yallop's book, Haler was provided with a transcript of the interview, Yallop says Haler again confirmed as accurate. After the subsequent broadcast of the BBC Play for Today adaptation of To Encourage the Others (directed by Alan Clarke) that Haler sought to deny that he had given any specific estimate of the size of the bullet that killed Miles beyond being "of large calibre".
[edit] Overturning of murder conviction, and pardon for Bentley
Following the execution there was a public sense of unease about the decision, resulting in a long campaign, mostly led by Bentley's sister Iris, to secure a posthumous pardon for him. In March 1966 his remains were removed from Wandsworth Prison and reburied in a family grave. Then on 29 July 1993 Bentley was granted a Royal Pardon in respect of the sentence of death passed upon him and carried out but it still maintained he was guilty of having carried out the murder.
Eventually, on 30 July 1998, the Court of Appeal set aside Bentley's conviction for murder 45 years earlier.
Though Bentley had not been accused of attacking any of the police officers being shot at by Craig, for him to be convicted of murder as an accessory in a joint enterprise it was necessary for the prosecution to prove that he knew that Craig had a deadly weapon when they began the break-in.
Lord Chief Justice Lord Bingham of Cornhill ruled that Lord Goddard had not made it clear to the jury that the prosecution was required to have proved Bentley had known that Craig was armed. He further ruled that Lord Goddard had failed to raise the question of Bentley's withdrawal from their joint enterprise. This would require the prosecution to prove the absence of any attempt by Bentley to signal to Craig that he wanted Craig to surrender his weapons to the police. Lord Bingham ruled that Bentley's trial had been unfair, in that the judge had misdirected the jury and, in his summing-up, had put unfair pressure on the jury to convict. It is possible that Lord Goddard may have been under pressure while summing up since much of the evidence was not directly relevant to Bentley's defence. It is important to note that Lord Bingham did not rule that Bentley was innocent, merely that there had been defects in the trial process. Had Bentley been alive in July 1998 or had been convicted of the offence in more recent years, it would have been likely that he would have faced a retrial.
Another factor in the posthumous defence was that a "confession" recorded by Bentley, which was claimed by the prosecution to be a "verbatim record of dictated monologue", was shown by forensic linguistics methods to have been largely edited by policemen. Linguist Malcolm Coulthard showed that certain patterns, such as the frequency of the word "then", and the grammatical use of "then" after the grammatical subject ("I then" rather than "then I"), was not consistent with Bentley's use of language (his idiolect), as evidenced in court testimony[1]. These patterns fitted better the recorded testimony of the policemen involved. This is one of the earliest uses of forensic linguistics on record.
In a case with similarities to the Bentley case, a House of Lords judgment of 17 July 1997, cleared Philip English of murdering Sergeant Bill Forth in March 1993, the reasons being given by Lord Hutton. English had been handcuffed before his companion Paul Weddle killed Sgt Forth with a concealed knife. The existing joint enterprise law allowed the conviction of English for murder because they had both been attacking Sgt Forth with wooden staves, making English an accessory to any murder committed by Weddle as part of that assault. Lord Hutton made the 'fine distinction' that a concealed knife was a far more deadly weapon than a wooden stave, so that proof of English's knowledge of it was necessary for conviction. The appeal may have influenced the allowing of a posthumous referral of the Bentley case.
Lord Mustill had asked for new laws on homicide when setting out his reasons at the time of Lord Hutton's ruling on English's appeal. However, Lord Bingham's ruling blamed Lord Goddard for a miscarriage of justice without making further alteration to the law on joint enterprise. The English judgment, delivered just over two months after the Labour government took office, remained the most recent precedent in joint enterprise law, though the Bentley verdict attracted far more media attention.
[edit] In popular culture
The 1991 movie Let Him Have It, starring Christopher Eccleston as Bentley and Paul Reynolds as Craig, relates the story, as do the songs "Let Him Dangle" by Elvis Costello, "Let Him Have It" by The Bureau, and "Bentley and Craig" by June Tabor.
[edit] References
- ^ R.M. Coulthard (2000): "Whose text is it? On the linguistic investigation of authorship", in S. Sarangi and R.M. Coulthard: Discourse and Social Life, London, Longman, pp270–87
Yallop, David (1991). To Encourage/Others. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780552134514.
