Christiansen effect

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The Christiansen effect is named after the Danish physicist Christian Christiansen the effect of this filter is based on the various dispersions of two different media.

A Christiansen filter is a narrow bandpass or monochromatic optical filter which consists of an optical cell which is stuffed with a crushed substance (e.g. glass) and a (mostly organic) liquid. The liquid is chosen according to the substance, so that the dispersion curves coincide at one wavelength. For this wavelength the filled optical cell behaves like a plane-parallel, homogeneous disk and allows transmission. All other wavelength ranges of the spectrum are reflected, scattered as well as refracted at the many interfaces between substance and liquid. A change of the transmission behavior of this dispersion filter can be achieved by variation of the liquid, the temperature or variation of the pressure. The fundamental consequence is the change of the refractive index of the liquid.

A typical filter is composed of glass particles immersed in a mixture of benzene and carbon disulfide. The wavelength of operation can be varied by changing the percentage of the two components of the liquid mixture, or by varying the temperature.

[edit] Bibliography

• C. Christiansen: Untersuchungen über die optischen Eigenschaften von fein verteilten Körpern. Ann. Phys. Chem., vol. 23, 24, pp. 298-306, 439-446, 1884, 1885.
• C. V. Raman: The theory of the Christiansen experiment. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., vol. 29, pp. 381-390, 1949.
• V. I. Shelyubskii: A new method for determining and controlling the homogeneity of glass (orig. russ.: Nowy metod opredelenija i kontrolja odnorodnosti stekla). Glass and Ceramics (Steklo i Keramika), vol. 17, pp. 17-22, 1960.
• T. Sakaino, M. Yamane, A. Makishima, and S. Inoue: An improved method for measuring the homogeneity of glass by Shelyubskii's method. Glass Technol., vol. 19, pp. 69-74, 1978.
• R. P. Heidrich: Experimentelle Homogenitätsuntersuchungen an technischen Gläsern mit dem Cristiansenfilter. Thesis, Technische Universität Clausthal, 1999.
• R. P. Heidrich; G. H. Frischat: Optimising the Christiansen-Shelyubskii method and its comparison with industrial control methods for homogeneity determination of glasses. Glastech. Ber. Glass Sci. Technol., vol. 72, pp. 197-203, 1999.