Chinese people in Russia
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| Chinese people in Russia |
|---|
| Total population |
|
34,577 (2002) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Moscow, Russian Far East |
| Languages |
| Chinese, Russian |
| Religions |
| Not known |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Overseas Chinese |
Chinese people in Russia numbered 34,577 according to the 2002 census.[1]
Contents |
[edit] History
Chinese settlement in what is now the Russian Far East is believed to have begun as early as the 7th century A.D.; however, under the 1860 Convention of Peking, China's Qing Dynasty ceded these eastern territories, then known as East Tartary, to Russia.[2] Large-scale Chinese immigration to territory actually under the control of the Russian Empire did not begin until the late 19th century. From 1878 until the early 1880s, thousands of Hui Chinese escaped from Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia over the Tian Shan Mountains to Central Asia, fleeing persecution in the aftermath of the Hui Minorities' War; they became known as the Dungans.[3] Separately, other groups of migrants, mostly Han Chinese, went to the Russian Far East; the Russian Empire Census of 1897 showed a total of 57,459 Chinese speakers (47431 male and 10,028 female); 42,823 (74.5%) lived in the Primorye region alone.[4][5] Chinese and ethnic Koreans living in the Russian Far East were deported to other areas of Russia in 1937 for fear that their communities could be infiltrated by Japanese spies.[6]
Starting from the time of Russia's 1917 October Revolution and continuing up until the 1950s-1960s Sino-Soviet split, many aspiring Chinese Communists went to study in Moscow, including Liu Shaoqi, future President of the People's Republic of China, and Chiang Ching-kuo, the son of Chiang Kai-shek.[7] There was a great deal of factional infighting among them, and a group was labeled as Trotskyists.[8]
The most recent wave of immigration traces its origin back to 1982, when Hu Yaobang visited Harbin and approved the resumption of cross-border trade; immigration remained sluggish until 1988, when China and the Soviet Union signed a visa-free tourism agreement.[6][9] However, visa-free travel was terminated only six years later.[10]
[edit] Russian perceptions
The expanding Chinese presence in the area has led to yellow peril-style fears of Chinese irredentism.[2] Russian newspapers publish fantastic estimates of between two and five million Chinese migrants in the Russian Far East, and predict that half of the population of Russia would be Chinese by 2050.[11][12] Russians typically believe that Chinese come to Russia with the aim of permanent settlement, and even Vladimir Putin was quoted as saying "If we do not take practical steps to advance the Far East soon, after a few decades, the Russian population will be speaking Chinese, Japanese, and Korean."[13] Russians perceive hostile intent in the Chinese practise of using different names for local cities, such as Hǎishēnwǎi for Vladivostok , and a widespread folk belief states that the Chinese migrants remember the exact locations of their ancestors' ginseng patches, and seek to reclaim them.[2] The xenophobia against Chinese and exaggerated concerns over the Chinese influx and are described as being less prevalent in the Russian Far East, where most of the Chinese shuttle trade is actually occurring, than in European Russia.[10]
[edit] Demographics and distribution
The two main Chinese communities of Russia are those in Moscow and those in the Russian Far East. The community in Moscow is estimated to be the largest, numbering 20,000 to 25,000 people; Chinese community leaders give even higher estimates in the 30,000 - 40,000 range.[12] They come from most provinces of China. Moscow has the highest proportion of long-term residents (those living in Russia for more than three years), at 34%.[14]
In the Russian Far East, the major urban centres of Chinese settlement include Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, and Ussuriysk, though the total combined Chinese population in those three cities is less than that in Moscow.[15] Most Chinese workers in the region come from the northeast of China, especially Heilongjiang, where they form an important part of the province's strategy to gain access to natural resources in Russia to fuel their own economic development. Between 1988 and 2003, 133,000 contract workers from Heilongjiang went to work in Russia; most were employed in construction and agriculture. Though some immigrants come from Jilin as well, the provincial government there is more interested in developing relations with Japan and the Koreas.[9] Population pressure and overcrowding on the Chinese side of the border are one motivation for emigration, while the chance to earn money doing business in Russia is described as the major pull factor.[16] Aside from resident contract workers, 1.1 million Chinese also went to the border areas of the Russian Far East on tourist visas from 1997 to 2002.[9] Despite the perception that many remain illegally in Russia, since 1996, over 97% of Chinese arriving on tourist visas departed on time by the same border crossing through which they entered Russia, and many of the remaining 3% either departed by other border crossing, or were arrested and deported.[12][15]
[edit] See also
- Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War
- Japanese people in Russia
- Korean people in Russia
- Vietnamese people in Russia
- Sino-Russian relations
- Yellow Peril
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ Rosstat 2002: Table 4.01
- ^ a b c Alekseev 2006: 111
- ^ Rimsky-Korsakoff 1992
- ^ Demoscope.ru; the 1897 census did not distinguish speakers of Dungan language
- ^ Savaliev 2001
- ^ a b Alekseev 2006: 97
- ^ Yu: 112
- ^ Ladany 1992: 156
- ^ a b c Larin 2006: 49
- ^ a b Bedeski 1999
- ^ Alekseev 2006: 98
- ^ a b c Vitkovskaya 1999
- ^ Alekseev 2006: 95
- ^ Gelbras 2002: 106
- ^ a b Gelbras 2002: 104
- ^ Larin 2006: 50
[edit] Sources
- Alekseev, Mikhail (2006). "In the Shadow of the "Asian Balkans": Anti-Chinese Alarmism and Hostility in the Russian Far East". Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521849888.
- Bedeski, Robert (November 1999). "The Chinese Diaspora, Mongolia and the Sino-Russian Frontier". Japan Policy Research Institute Working Papers (62).
- Gelbras, Vilya G. (2002). "Contemporary Chinese Migration to Russia". Globalizing Chinese Migration: Trends in Europe and Asia: 100-107, London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754617939.
- Larin, Victor (2006). "Chinese in the Russian Far East: Regional views". Crossing National Borders: human migration issues in Northeast Asia: 47-67, New York: United Nations University Press. ISBN 9280811177.
- Ladany, Laszlo (1992). The Communist Party of China and Marxism 1921-1985: A Self-Portrait. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9622093051.
- Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Svetlana (1992). "Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia". Asian Folklore Studies 51.
- Saveliev, Igor R.; Pestushko, Yuri S. (2001). "Dangerous Rapprochement: Russia and Japan in the First World War, 1914-1916". Acta Slavica Iaponica 18: 19–41. See section "Japanese Communities within the Russian Far East and Their Economic Activities"
- Vitkovskaya, Galina (1999). "Does Chinese Migration Endanger Russian Security". Briefing Papers of the Carnegie Moscow Centre 1 (8).
- Yu, Miin-ling (2002). "A reassessment of Chiang Kaishek and the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union, 1923-1927". The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster: 98-124, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0700716904.
- Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897). Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
- Национальный состав населения (Ethnic composition of the population). Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat) (2002). Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
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