Chicago Surface Lines
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The Chicago Surface Lines (CSL) was operator of the street railway system of Chicago, Illinois, from the years 1913 to 1947. The firm is a predecessor of today's publicly owned operator, the Chicago Transit Authority.
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[edit] History
The first streetcars in Chicago were horse cars run by the Chicago City Railway Company and the North Chicago City Railway Company around 1858-1861. This method was slow and expensive, and the companies began substituting cable cars in the 1880s. Chicago City Railway was the first in (1881), and with the addition of the Chicago Passenger Railway (1883) and the West Chicago Street Railroad Company (1887), Chicago had the largest cable railway system in the world. The north and west side cable car systems were constructed by an investment syndicate under the direction of Charles Yerkes.[1]
It was also in the 1880s that electric-powered "trolleys" first became practical. The Chicago companies hesitated at first to install these faster and more efficient systems because of their heavy investment in cable cars. But the smaller Illinois cities and the Calumet Electric Street Railway of the South Side built successful systems, causing the Chicago companies to feel themselves dropping behind. By the mid-1890s most of them had begun the conversion to electricity, which was completed in 1906.
The 1890s saw the consolidation of many of the Chicago companies, and this reorganization continued into the next century. In 1907 to 1909, the companies were granted franchises pursuant to various ordinances, under which the city reserved the right to purchase the systems.[2] The Settlement Ordinance of 1907 imposed various operating requirements on two of the underlying companies, the Chicago City Railway Company and Chicago Railways, and established a new bureau, the Board of Supervising Engineers (Chicago Traction), a board of engineers and accountants with responsibilities for assuring compliance with the ordinances, and setting standards for equipment and construction.[3]
Through Routes over the lines of several companies were instituted in 1910, and, for instance, resulted in joint service by the Chicago City Railway Company and Calumet and South Chicago Railway between downtown and 119th Street via Cottage Grove.[4] There was also joint service operated by the South Chicago City Railway and the Hammond, Whiting, and East Chicago Electric Railway into Indiana, with each company collecting its own fare, which continued until the Hammond company converted to buses in 1940.[5]
The continuous reorganization was finally completed by the Unification Ordinance of 1913,[6] which stipulated that all lines would come under the management of a single operating association called the Chicago Surface Lines (CSL), and unified operations commenced in 1914.[7] Four companies formed the CSL: the Chicago Railways Company, Chicago City Railway, Calumet and South Chicago Railway, and Southern Street Railway.[8] At this time, Chicago had the largest street railway system, the longest one-fare ride, the longest average ride, and the most liberal transfer privileges in the world.
The 1920s saw continued growth despite the increasing competition from the automobile, and while the 1933-1934 World's Fair and wartime demand supported ridership,[9] the underlying companies were bankrupt.[10] By 1958, the Chicago Transit Authority, which took over the Chicago Surface Lines in 1947, had abandoned the remaining trolley lines, which were "bustituted." Before that, CSL had introduced gasoline buses for light routes in 1927,[11] and trolley buses to the northwest side starting in 1930.[12]
[edit] Fleet
The Chicago Surface Lines was primarily a trolley operation, with approximately 3100 streetcars on the roster at the time of the CTA takeover.[13] It purchased small lots of motor buses,[14] totaling 693 at the time of the CTA takeover, mostly consisting of smaller buses used on extension routes or to replace two-man streetcars on routes such as Hegewisch and 111th Street, because conductors were required to flag streetcars across mainline railroads where there was not a watchman at the crossing.[15] The trolley bus fleet consisted of 152 vehicles.[16]
[edit] Remnants
The primary remnants of the CSL system are the Archer and 77th Street car barns, the Ardmore temporary bus garage, the north portal of the LaSalle Street tunnel, and buildings that were electricity substations or cable car powerhouses. Some cars of CSL and its predecessors are preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum and other museums. A few CTA bus routes (primarily 4 Cottage Grove, 9 Ashland, 20 Madison, and 22 Clark) still have their original CSL Through Route numbers.
[edit] References
- ^ Krambles and Peterson, CTA at 45: A History of the First 45 Years of the Chicago Transit Authority (1993), p. 16. ISBN 0-9637965-4-2.
- ^ In re Chicago Rys. Co., 160 F.2d 59, 61-62 (7th Cir. 1947).
- ^ Lind, Chicago Surface Lines: An Illustrated History (Transit History Press, 1974), p. 16. ISBN 0-934732-00-0.
- ^ Lind, p. 12.
- ^ Krambles, p. 20; Lind, pp. 312, 332.
- ^ In re Chicago Rys. Co., at 62.
- ^ Krambles, p. 20.
- ^ The Chicago City Railway had a subsidiary, the Chicago & Western Railway, and 95% of the stock of the City Railway and all of the stock of the Southern, Calumet, and Western were in a collateral trust, to secure certain bonds. In re Chicago Rys. Co., at 61.
- ^ Lind, p. 375.
- ^ Creditors' bills were filed against the Chicago Railways in 1926 and the Chicago City Railway and Calumet and South Chicago in 1930, resulting in the appointment of receivers and bringing their property into the custody of the Federal District Court. In 1944, the proceedings were converted to those under the Bankruptcy Act, and trustees were appointed. In re Chicago Rys. Co., at 62.
- ^ Lind, p. 388.
- ^ Lind, p. 379.
- ^ Krambles, p. 39.
- ^ Krambles, p. 45.
- ^ Lind, pp. 256, 327.
- ^ See Bill Vandervoort's Chicago Transit and Railfan for Streetcar Roster, Chicago Surface Lines Bus Roster 1927-1939, 1941-1948, and Trolleybus Roster, generally based on Lind.
[edit] External links
- Chicago Surface Line Drawings, 1886-1926 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
- Illinois Railway Museum
- Bill Vandervoort's Chicago Transit and Railfan - unofficial enthusiast's site:
- Chicago History Museum (formerly Chicago Historical Society): Streetcars Bibliography
- Tom's Trolleybus Pix -- Chicago
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