Charles Eastman
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| Dr. Charles Eastman, Ohiyesa | |
 Image of Charles Eastman from the Smithsonian
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| Born | February 19, 1858 Minnesota |
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| Died | January 8, 1939 |
Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman (Sioux: Ohiyesa, (pronounced Oh hee' yay suh), February 19, 1858 - January 8, 1939) was a Native American author, physician and reformer. He was active in politics and helped found the Boy Scouts of America.
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[edit] Early life
Ohiyesa was born on a reservation near Redwood Falls, Minnesota. He was the son of the Dakota Many Lightnings and his mixed-blood wife, Mary Nancy Eastman, who died at his birth. Mary Eastman was the daughter of the painter Captain Seth Eastman. His name at birth was “Hakadah,” the "pitiful last", because he became the last of his three brothers and one sister when his mother died. In his early youth he received the name Ohiyesa (Winner). During the Minnesota Uprising of Dakota in 1862-63, Ohiyesa was cared for by paternal relatives who fled into North Dakota and Manitoba. When he was later reunited with his father, now using the name Jacob Eastman, and older brother John, the Eastman family established a homestead in Dakota Territory.
With his father's encouragement, Eastman attended mission and preparatory schools and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1887. He graduated from Boston University, with a medical degree, in 1889. Eastman worked as agency physician for the Indian Health Service on the Pine Ridge Reservation, and later at the Crow Creek Reservation, both in South Dakota. He also established a private medical practice. Between 1894-97, Eastman established 32 Indian groups of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). In 1899, he helped recruit students for the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. In 1910, along with Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians and Daniel Carter Beard of the Sons of Daniel Boone, Eastman helped found the Boy Scouts of America.
[edit] Career
Eastman was active in politics, particularly in matters dealing with Indian rights. He served as a lobbyist for the Dakota between 1894 and 1897. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt assigned Eastman the responsibility for revising the allotment method of dividing tribal lands. In 1923-25, Eastman served under Calvin Coolidge as an Indian inspector. He was also a member of the Committee of One Hundred, a reform panel examining federal institutions and activities dealing with Indian nations. In 1925, the Bureau of Indian Affairs asked him to investigate the death and burial location of Sacagawea, the woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805. He determined that she died of old age at the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming on April 9, 1884, although later historians believe it more likely that she died as a result of an illness in 1812.
Eastman was the recipient of the first Indian Achievement Award in 1933.
Eastman published the autobiographical Indian Boyhood in 1902, recounting his first fifteen years of life among the Sioux during the waning years of the nineteenth century. In the following years he wrote a total of eleven books. They enjoy regular reprints and some books have translated in French, German and other European languages. A compilation of his writings was published posthumously, The Essential Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa) (2007).
[edit] Personal life
In 1891, he married the poet and Indian welfare activist Elaine Goodale, who briefly served as superintendent of Indian education in the Dakota Territory. They had six children. The marriage prospered at first, but Eastman's many failed jobs, financial pressures, absences on the lecture circuit, leaving his wife to parent their children alone, put increasing strain on the marriage. After three decades of marriage, proof of her husband's infidelity caused Elaine to leave him. Goodale Eastman's latest biographer believes that cultural differences also contributed the breakdown of the marriage.[1] She died in 1953.
[edit] References
- ^ Sargent, Theodore D., The Life of Elaine Goodale Eastman, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, from a review in Montana: Historical Review Spring 2006[1] Accessed November 2007
[edit] Bibliography
- (Memories of an) Indian Boyhood, autobiography; McClure, Philips, 1902.
- Red Hunters and Animal People, legends; Harper and Brothers, 1904.
- The Madness of Bald Eagle, legend; 1905.
- Old Indian Days, legends; McClure, 1907.
- Wigwam Evenings: Sioux Folk Tales Retold (co-author with his wife), legends; Little, Brown, 1909.
- The Soul of the Indian: An Interpretation, Houghton, 1911.
- Indian Child Life, nonfiction, Little, Brown, 1913.
- Indian Scout Talks: A Guide for Scouts and Campfire Girls, nonfiction, Little, Brown, 1914. (retitled Indian Scout Craft and Lore, Dover Publications)
- The Indian Today: The Past and Future of the Red American, Doubleday-Page, 1915.
- From the Deep Woods to Civilization: Chapters in the Autobiography of an Indian, autobiography; Little, Brown, 1916.
- Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains, Little, Brown, 1918.
[edit] Film portrayals
- In the HBO film, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Charles Eastman is portrayed by Adam Beach.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Works by Charles Eastman at Project Gutenberg
- Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa): links, bibliography
- Charles Eastman Resource page (bio, photos, bibliography, slideshows, excerpts, links, etc)
