Chan Santa Cruz
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Chan Santa Cruz or U Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz is the Maya town now known as Felipe Carrillo Puerto in what is now the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. This name is often assigned to the Maya free state ruled from Chan Santa Cruz for much of the second half of the 19th century. Nonetheless, indigenous documentation including the 'Proclaimation' of The State of The Cross and copious correspondence on behalf of this same state give its indigenous name as, Juan, (Huaan), de la Cruz, 'The State of The Cross'.
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[edit] History
[edit] Pre-Columbian Period
The people of the State of the Cross are predominantly indigenous descendants of the Iz'a Maya state. One of two successors to the defunct League of Mayapan, this Iz'a state held the eastern half of the Yucatan Peninsula during the decades preceding the European Invasion.
Early Postinvasion influences include Arauak and Carib refugees from the islands, shipwrecked Spaniards and escaped African slaves. Later, Chinese coolies fled British Honduras and settled among the Crusoob, (Villa Rojas 1943). More recently the state has been flooded with Mexican nationals, Hatians and Euro-American hoteliers/tourists.
[edit] Contact Period
After the Spanish had made their presence known for some years, the Xiu Maya state of the western half of the peninsula, tired of fighting both the Iz'a and the Spanish, allied itself with the Spanish Empire. This alliance subsequently inflicted massive property and population losses upon the Iz'a Maya state. Nonetheless, The Iz'a state continued to train and educate indigenist Maya leaders in the sanctuaries of the southern province, Peten Iz'a, 'Lake of the Adepts', right through the invasion and sack of the island capitol Tayasil, by general Martin de Ursua on March 13, 1697, 6 Kimi, 9 Kank'in. Indeed, there is internal evidence that the Maya Hieroglyphic manuscript, now held in Madrid Spain was created at Tayasil some years after the invasion of Yucatan. This evidence includes paper from a Spanish book which was employed as a base for several pages of the manuscript (Coe 1998).
[edit] Uaan
The province of Uaan, 'Fan Palm, Entity, State, Exist', remained unknown to the Spanish, (for example Diego de Landa makes no mention of this province in his enumeration of Yucatecan provinces). Nonetheless, the provincial capital, Chable, 'Anteater', is mentioned several times in the Books of Chilam Balam as a cycle seat (Edmonson 1984). Upon the fall of Peten Iz'a, only the Iz'a province of Uaan maintained anything like an independent existence, and this only through strict secrecy.
[edit] Pacification
The Spanish were thoroughly occupied in 'pacifying' the Maya of the western half of the Iz'a state through the 1700s. The most famous of these campaigns was against the indigenist Kanek', and his followers. This campaign finally ended with the martyrdom of the Kanek' and his closest followers on December 14, 1761, 10 Kaban, 15 Yax.
[edit] Uprising
When the Spanish Creols declared Yucatecan independence and began fighting over control of the resources of their infant slave state, the Maya leadership saw their best chance to recover their freedom and independence. This action had been in the planning for some time as revealed by recently discovered letters (constituting written orders, through an established military chain of command, to step up the plan) written in the wake of the martyrdom of the Batab of Chichimilla, Antonio Manuel Ay, on August 26, 1847, 6 Kaban, 5 Xul, in a sanctuary plaza at Saki, the sacred 'White' city of the north. Exactly three days after Ay's murder, the eastern Maya, now identified as Uiz'oob, 'Loincloths', rose in a general uprising which nearly drove the invaders entirely from the peninsula (Huchim 1997:97-107). This uprising, reaching its high tide in 1848, called La Guerra de las Castas, Caste War of Yucatan by the Spanish, resulted in the liberation of the old Iz'a Maya state, leaving the old Xiu Maya state in the hands of the Yucateco Creols. The descendants of this short-lived Maya free state and those who live like them are commonly known as Cruzoob, (Reed 1964).
[edit] Betrayal and the fall of the Maya Free State
From the late 1850s through 1893 the United Kingdom recognized the Maya free state as a de facto independent nation, even sponsoring treaty negotiations between the Spanish Yucateco state and the Maya Crusoob state. These negotiations resulted in a signed international treaty, which was never ratified by either party. The Maya state had extensive trade relations with the British colony of British Honduras, and its military was substantially larger than the garrison and militia in British Honduras. In contrast to the Yucatecans and the Mexicans, the British found it both practical and profitable to maintain good relations with the Maya free state for some years.
All this changed when British Citizens were executed (along with the entire Yucatec 'Creol' garrison) after the siege and fall to the Maya of the holy Southern City of Bak Halal, 'Water Narrows', (Reed 1964).
No one will ever know for sure why the commanding general ordered a wholesale slaughter of the garrison. Possibly he was tired of retaking the city from the more aggressive Yucateco state. Regardless, this action frightened the tiny British Colonial establishment in neighboring British Honduras and they got busy.
The British Government assigned Lord Spenser to disentangle Her Royal Majesty's Government from indigenous free states and the Maya free state in particular. Shortly thereafter HRMG signed a treaty "Spenser Mariscal" which ceded all of the Maya free state's lands to Mexico. Meanwhile the 'Creols' on the west side of the Yucatan peninsula had come to realize that their minority-ruled ministate could not outlast its indigenous neighbor. After the Creols offered their country to anyone who might consider the defense of their lives and property worth the effort, Mexico finally accepted. With both legal pretext and a convenient staging area in the western side of the Yucatan peninsula, Chan Santa Cruz was occupied by the Mexican army in the early years of the 20th century, (Reed 1964).
Various treaties with Mexico were signed by the leaders of the indigenous state through the late 1930s and 1940's. These treaties, "Letters of General May", make very interesting reading today. Following General May's death the remaining Maya officials initiated contacts with Washington through the archaeologist and American Spy, (Harris, Sadler 2003), Sylvanus Morley, (Sullivan 1992).
[edit] Religion
One of the notable aspects of the Maya free state was the reappearance of Maya religion in an indigenous form, sometimes called "The Cult of The Talking Cross". This was most probably a continuation of native beliefs, reemerging when the Spanish colonist's civil war released the Maya from the repressions of Yucatán's Hispanic population. The indigenous priests had maintained their ancient Religious Texts and the spiritual knowledge contained therein, as they continue to do today, (Roys 1933, Thompson 1965).
[edit] Maya Sacred Books
Upon the arrival of Friar Jacobo de Testera, leading the first of the Franciscan Missions to the Maya in 156x, a Maya encyclopedia project was begun. This project was designed to collect prayers, orations, commentaries and descriptions of native life as aids to the destruction of Maya culture in general and Maya religion specifically. Diego de Landa's famous Relación de las cosas de Yucatán contains much of the Spanish explanatory text of this encyclopedia without however, employing any of the actual indigenous texts, (Tozzer 1941).
The Maya elders who participated in this project, including Juan Na Chi Kokom, former leader of the Iz'a' state in eastern Yucatan, were most likely willing volunteers who saw the project as a way to preserve Maya culture and religion. After the project was anathemized by the Roman Church the former Maya collaborators collected and reconstructed as much as they could and assembled them into a loose collection of texts which is now known as the Books of Chilam Balam (Roys 1933).
The Books of Chilam Balam, 'Spokesman of the Patron', (Barrera Vasquez 194x, Roys 1933, Edmonson 1982, 1987, Bricker & Miram 2001). Existing copies of these books from Calkini, Chan Kan, Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, Mani, Tixkakal and Tisimin, present evidence for distinct Xiu and Iz'a recensions. (Barrera Vasquez 194x). Usually translated as a collection of historical and mythological texts, this book actually contains a great deal of information specifically pertaining to the ancient Maya Calendar and the priests who maintained it.
Contents of the Books of Chilam Balam include daily reminders for diviners, natal charts for each day, rituals associated with each day, the selection, training and initiation of Maya calendar priests, a Maya rosary prayer, a divination prayer, sacrifices at the sacred well of Chi Ch'en Iz'a, auto sacrifice, pilgrimage places, the Maya years and cycles, advice to a woman already seven months pregnant, and Maya family life.
The Songs of Z'itbalche, (Barrera Vasquez 1965) is a collection of songs, prayers and ritual speeches. This collection includes traditional girls' songs, prayers for seating images, and others.
The Ritual of the Bakabs, (Roys 1965, Marin 1987, etc.). Usually translated as a collection of medical texts. The first half of this book is comparable to the books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and Tisimin and actually contains songs, advice, prayers and ritual speeches. These texts include one on the Maya Pontiff, one on the Chiuoh lineage, one on seers, several for novice diviners, a midwife's prayer and a renewal prayer for the divining seeds. The second half of this book is comparable to the second half of the Chilam Balam of Kaua and Maya herbals, it also contains, mostly herbal, medical remedies for a wide variety of ailments.
Maya Herbals, (Roys 19xx, Ethnobotany of the Maya).
[edit] The Maya Church
Shortly after Yucatan was declared an independent state, the Yucatan Peninsula was divided into two independent warring states: a Hispanic state in the west, and a Maya freestate in the east. For the first time in centuries the Maya were in charge of a state which sponsored their indigenous faith. (The Roman Church had consistently refused even to ordain native Maya as Priests). Previously, the village lay assistants maestros cantores, who were sons of Maya priests often acted as members of their fathers' profession as well, (Clendenin 1978).
The Maya Church in every Crusero village and town, houses the Holy Cross in her sanctuary. Maya churches are easily distinguished from Roman churches by the presence of a walled inner sanctum, the gloria, inside the Maya church (Villa Rojas 1943).
[edit] God and His Angels
K'u, 'God', is one, undepictable and incorporeal, (Motul Dictionary).
Hunab K'u, 'Unique God', (Motul Dictionary).
Hahal K'u, 'True God', (Motul Dictionary).
Tepal, 'Lord', epithet for God and His Angels, (Motul Diactionary).
Ahau, 'Lord', epithet for God and His Angels, (Motul Dictionary).
Yumil Kaan, 'Grandfather Sky', widespread indigenous epithet for God and His Angels (Berendt 1888).
Chakoob, 'Angels', are God's active force, who manifest his will on earth and can be petitioned for aid. There are 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7 Chakoob, one for each direction addressed in a particular ritual. The directions are color coded along with their Chakoob. Thus, east is red, north is white, west is black, south is yellow, sky is blue, earth is green and the center is clear, (Thompson 1965).
Kiichpam Kolel, 'Beautiful Grandmother', U Kolel Cab, 'Grandmother Earth', Guadelupe, any of the feminine principles of the universe, (Gann 1888, Thompson 1933, Villa Rojas 1943). She and the other feminine spirits are autonomous and can be petitioned for good through prayers before her cross or image.
Yumz'iloob, 'Fathers', 'Patrilineage Ancestors' are autonomous and can be petitioned for good or ill through prayers before the appropriate lineage crosses, (Villa Rojas 1943).
Balam, 'Jaguar', 'Patron' of the village, town, province, state, nation which acts as agent and protector for the social unit in question, (Proskouriakoff 1961, Villa Rojas 1943).
Balamoob, 'Jaguars', Twenty 'Patrons' of the days of the 260 day Sacred Round, the four 'Yearbearers' of the 365 day year, the Ahauoob of the 360 day 'year', and the K'atun, (Proskouriakoff 1961, Villa Rojas 1943).
Ik'oob, 'Spirits', are autonomous and can be petitioned for good or ill, (Villa Rojas 1943).
K'asal Ik'oob, 'Evil Spirits', are autonomous and chaotic and must be exorsized before any ritual can begin, and appeased before any ritual can end, Villa Rojas 1943).
Ix Ceel, 'Little Tree', family devotional cross, (Roys 1965).
[edit] Worship
There are two great annual festivals, both descended from the two great annual festivals of the Precolumbian Maya. U K'in Crus, 'The Day of The Cross', is the ancient Maya New (365 day) Year Festival and U K'in Kolel, 'The Feast of Our Grandmother', Guadelupe, is the ancient Maya New (360 day) 'Year' Festival.
The Crusoob also celebrate a 'Mass' and 'Novenas' which always include corn tortillas and typically tamales, meat, fruit, atole, pepper, chocolate, a desert and an alcoholic beverage, (Villa Rojas 1943).
[edit] The Holy Cross
The Holy Cross must be guarded and fed several times a day. Every householder has a small domestic cross with a diminutive huipil, 'woman's dress', and a mirror around its neck. This little female cross was known in Precolumbian times as Ix Cel, 'Little/female Tree'. In addition to the village Patron Cross and the Household crosses, there are special Lineage Crosses for important lines and four Guardian Crosses at the entrances to town, (Villa Rojas 1943). The religion of the people now is quite mixed, with some devoted exclusively to the indigenous church and its ritual calendar, while others are exclusively or partially Roman Catholic, Protestant or Evangelical.
The shrines of the "Talking crosses" remain a vital part of the local culture to this day. Indeed, as recently as 2002 the Mexican Government finally lifted the stigma of witchcraft, to which indigenous priests had been subject under Mexican Civil and Roman Church law, recognizing the Church of The Talking Cross as a legitimate religion, (plaque on shrine in Carrillo Puerto).
[edit] The state of the Cross
The State of The Cross was declared on x,x,184x, in Xoken, 'Read to me', a south-eastern satalite of modern Valladolid where the Proclamo was first read to the people.
The Capitol, Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz was founded in about 1850 near a sacred z'onot, a natural well providing a year round source of holy water, where the talking cross continues to speak.
The city was laid out in the Precolumbian Maya manner, surrounding a square with the Balam Nah, the 'Patron Saint's House', and the school at the east, the Pontiff's house at the west, the General's houses at the north and the storehouses and market to the south, (Reed 1964).
The regional capitals in Bak Halal, Chun Pom, Vigia Chico and Tu Luum, were probably laid out on the same plan as the capital.
At its greatest extent, 1860s-1890s, The State of The Cross encompassed all of the southern and central parts of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. With associated, buffer and splinter groups The State of The Cross was the core of a broader indigenist liberation movement which controlled virtually all of the old Iz'a territories. These territories include the eastern, central and southern portions of the Yucatan peninsula, extending from Cape Catoche south to include what is now northwestern Belize and Northeastern Guatemala.
[edit] National Records
The 'Proclamation of Juan de la Cruz', El Proclamo in Spanish, is the Maya free state's formal declaration of independence. Appended to the Procamation are the state's constitution and by laws. In addition to responsibilities for military service (the constitution was written in time of war) and support for the indigenous church, the Maya people (and those of any race) who consented to the sovereignty of the new state were guaranteed equal and fair treatment, (Bricker 1981).
[edit] Official Correspondence and International Treaties of the Maya State
Treaties with the Yucateco state.
Treaty with the Yucateco state sponsored by the British Government in Hondouras.
Treaties with the British Government.
Official correspondence with Washington, (Sullivan 1992).
Treaties with the Mexican Government, (Correspondence of General May)
Treaties of the Guatemalan Government.
Treaties of the Yucateco state.
Treaties between Mexico and the British Government. The Spenser Mariscal Treaty.
[edit] Officials
Most Maya offices are unpaid or are paid by donations from wealthy and/or devout members of the community. These officials are typically among the oldest and most impoverished of the people, having distributed most of their personal property to finance the associated community festivals, (Redfield and Villa Rojas 1962).
[edit] Religious Officials
Ahau Kan, Ah Z'ab Kan, 'Lord Wisdom', 'He Rattle Snake', the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church, now known as Nohoch Tata, 'Great Father', (Tozzer 1941, Villa Rojas 1943).
Kan Ek', 'Wise Star', one of four Cardinals who held forth from the four holy cities: Bakhalal, now Bacalar, in the east, Sakil, Spanish Valladolid, in the north, Ich Kan Si Ho', Spanish Merida, in the west, and Cham Putun, now 'Champoton', in the south, disused, (Edmonson 1984).
Ek', 'Star', one of eight Archbishops in the Maya church, disused, (Motul Dictionary).
Cho'op, 'Macaw', one of twenty Provincials or Bishops in the Maya Church, disused. Only the Province of Uaan now survives, the Cho'opil Uaan is now the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church and is known as the Nohoch Tata, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 1943).
The first Nohoch Tata was Manual Nahuat, 1847 until his death on March 23, 1851.
K'in, 'Sun', one of eighty Priests, sometimes identified in Spanish as Sacerdote, in the Maya Church. A diviner, one of a multitude who employs the Maya Sacred Calendar of 20 daily patrons and thirteen daily personalities/numbers, disused, (Motul Dictionary, Tedlock 1982).
Ik', 'Spirit', an Exorcista, a blessing, (Motul Dictionary, Roys 1933).
Uay, 'Familiar Spirit', 'Nagual', a Medium, one with good relations in the spirit world, (Motul Dictionary, Redfield 194x).
K'ay, 'Fish', a Cantor, (Motul Dictionary).
T'an, 'Word', Rezador, an Orator, (Motul Dictionary).
Le, 'Leaf', Yerbatero, a Herbalist, (Motul Dictionary).
[edit] Civil Officials
Halac Uinik, 'Real Man, Presidente Municipal, is a civil official at the level of provincial governor or higher, (Motul Dictionary). The first Halach Uinik at Chan Santa Cruz was Jose Maria Barrera, who held the position until his assassination in 1852.
Batab, 'Hatchet', Delegado, is the local civil official at the village level or lower, (Motul Dictionary).
Tupil, 'Earring', 'Novice', 'Alderman', is the entry level civil official at the village level or lower, including the Kambesah, 'Teacher' and the Kanan K'u, 'Sacristan', (Motul Dictionary).
[edit] Military Officials
Ahau K'atun Kiuik', General de la Plaza, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 1943).
Ahau K'atun, General, there are four of these, one for each direction. Nonetheless, during the war of liberation it was the generals of the north and of the south who garnered the most space in the Spanish and British colonial press, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 1943).
The General of The Plaza, the supreme commander of Maya Military forces, was an important office held by several different individuals. There is some evidence that the first, most effective and longest serving General of the Plaza was Bernardino Cen (Sullivan 1992). The last fully recognized General of The Plaza was General May, who signed the final peace treaties with the Mexican government through the 1930s and 40s. Subsequent attempts to revive the Generalship have failed to garner the support of the community as a whole and the military survives primarily as an honor guard for the Maya Church.
The first General of The North was Cecilio Chi, victor at Valladolid and Iz'amal, 1847 until his death in May, 1849. The second General of The North was Venancio Pec, 1849-1852.
The first General of The South was Jacinto Pat, victor at Peto, Tekax, Tikul, 1847 until his assassination in December, 1849. The second General of The South was Florentino Chan, 1849-1852.
Coronel
Major
Ah K'atun, Capitan, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 1943)
Teniente
Sergento
Caporal
K'atun, Soldado, 'Private, Soldier in general', (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 1943)
[edit] Traditional Occupations
Konol, 'Seller', is a member of the merchant class which, while maintaining homes in the communities, does little farming and travels frequently from market to market in search of the best prices, (Motul Dictionary, Redfiel and Villa Rojas 1962).
Ah Pak, Ah Nun Baal, Albanil, 'Waller', 'Immovable Thing', is a mason, (Motul Dictionary, Redfield and Villa Rojas 1962).
Ah Kab, 'Beekeeper', (Motul Dictionary, Redfield and Villa Rojas 1962).
Ah Men Che, Carpintero, Carpenter, (Motul Dictionary, etc.).
K'ol Nal, Graniero, 'Farm Corn', is the largest class consisting of subsistence farmers, (Motul Dictionary, etc.).
[edit] References
- Arzapalo Marin, Ramon 1987, El Ritual de los Bacabes, UNAM, Mexico.
- Berendt 1888 The Lord's Prayer in three languages, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
- Bricker, Victoria 1981 The Indian Christ, The Indian King: the indigenous substrate of Maya myth and ritual. University of Texas Press, Austin.
- Bricker, Victoria and Miram 2001 The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua.
- (Author) 199x Las Cartas de General May: Ultimo General de la Plaza. Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal.
- Ciudad Real, Antonio? 1604? Calepino Maya. (Motul Dictionary).
- Cogolludo, Tomas, Lopez (1688), Historia de Yucatan
- Clendenin, Inga 1978 Ambivalent Conquest: Spaniard and Maya in the Yucatan peninsula.
- Chamberlan, 19xx Materials for a bibliography of the cast war in Yucatan.
- Coe, Michael, 1998 Art of the Maya Scribe.
- Landa, Diego de, 1941 Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan. (Alfred M.Tozzer, trans.) Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
- Edmonson, Munroe, 1984 The Ancient Future of the Itz'a: The Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. University of Texas Press, Austin.
- Edmonson, Munroe,1987 Heaven Born Merida: The book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. University of Texas Press, Austin.
- Gann, Thomas, 188x Explorations in British Honduras ?.
- Harris, Charles & Sadler Louis, 2003 The Archaeologist was a Spy.
- Martinez Huchim, Patricia, 1997 The Uprising of the Men in Loincloths. Guerra de las Castas en Yucatan, Sastun, ano. #1, Merida.
- Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 1961 Lords of the Maya Realm. Expedition Magazine, 4.1.
- Reed, Nelson, 1964 The Cast War in Yucatan.
- Roys, Ralph, 1933 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
- Roys, Ralph,1965 The Ritual of The Bacabs, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
- Redfield, Robert & Villa Rojas, 1962 Chan Kom: a Maya Village. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
- Sullivan, Paul, 1992 Unfinished Conversations: Mayas and foreigners between two wars. New York.
- Tedlock, Barbara, 1982 Time and the Highland Maya. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
- Thompson, J.E.S. 1933 Explorations in British Honduras. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
- 1965 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
- Villa Rojas, Alfonso, 1943 The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
[edit] See also
- Caste War of Yucatán
- Kakure Kirishitan, a Japanese evolution of Catholicism after the interdiction of ordained priests.
