Châtelperronian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Quaternary Period |
|---|
| ↑ Neogene |
Pliocene
|
Châtelperronian was the earliest industry of the Upper Palaeolithic in central and south western France, extending also into Northern Spain. It derives its name from the site of la Grotte des Fées, in Châtelperron, Allier, France.
It appears to have been derived from the earlier, Neanderthal, Mousterian industry as it made use of Levallois cores and represents the period when Neanderthals and modern humans occupied Europe together. It lasted from between c. 35,000 and c. 29,000 BP. The industry produced denticulate, or toothed, stone tools and also a distinctive flint knife with a single cutting edge and a blunt, curved back. It may also have produced jewellery which has been used to support theories regarding the sophistication of the Neanderthals.
It was superseded by the human Aurignacian industry indicating that the Neanderthals disappeared around 29,000 BP. Nevertheless both cultures shared the region for some time. Indeed, evidence has been collected showing that the very site of la Grotte des Fées has been successively occupied by Neanderthals, modern Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals again[1]. In Cantabria (Spain), two caves (Morín and El Pendo) show opposite stratigraphies: while in Morín early Aurignacian remains are directly above Châtelperronian, in nearby El Pendo it is the opposite case: Châtelperronian is above (more recent) than Aurignacian, what is interpreted as an exchange of dwelling site by two different groups. C-14 dates for these changes are of c. 28,500 BP[2]
In spite of being archaeologically associated with Neanderthal people, some suspect Châtelperronian to be at the origins of the very similar Gravettian culture. Traditionally (French school) both cultures have been classified together under the name Perigordian, being Early Perigordian equivalent to Châtelperronian and all the other phases corresponding to Gravettian[2].[3][4]
Author Jared Diamond argues in his non-fiction book, The Third Chimpanzee, that Châtelperron may represent a community of Neanderthals who had to some extent adopted the culture of the modern Homo sapiens that had established themselves in the surrounding area, which would account for the signs of a hybrid culture found at the site. Diamond compares these hypothetical Neanderthal hold-outs to more recent Native Americans in North and South America who adopted European technologies such as firearms or domestication of horses in order to survive in an environment dominated by technologically more-advanced competitors. [5]
[edit] See also
- Upper Paleolithic
- Gravettian
- Périgordian
- Neanderthal
- Franco-Cantabrian region
- Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures
[edit] References
- ^ Mellars, Paul; Brad Gravina and Christopher Bronk Ramsey (Feb 2007). "Confirmation of Neanderthal/modern human interstratification at the Chatelperronian type-site". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (9): 3657-62. PMID 17360698.
- ^ a b F. Jordá Cerdá et al., Historia de España 1. Prehistoria. Gredos ed. 1986. ISBN 84-249-1015-X
- ^ X. Peñalver, Euskal Herria en la Prehistoria. Orain ed. 1996. ISBN 84-89077-58-4
- ^ M.H. Alimen and M.J. Steve, Prehistoria. Siglo XXI ed. 1970. ISBN 84-323-0118-3
- ^ F. Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal Harper Perennial. 2006. ISBN 978-0060845506
[edit] External links
- Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology), Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research
