Château d'Harcourt

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The Château d'Harcourt, situated in the commune of Harcourt in the Eure département of France, is a masterpiece of medieval architecture. The cradle of the Harcourt family, the castle is one of the best preserved castles in the country and contains the oldest arboretum in France.

Panoramic view of the Château d'Harcourt

1 History
2 Architecture
3 See also
4 External links

[edit] History

Although the lords of Harcourt trace their origins to the year 1000, it is only in the second half of the 12th century that the existence of a castle can be proven from historical texts. Robert II d'Harcourt was a companion in the crusade of Richard Lionheart; the first stone castle was certainly built by him. Harcourts appear later among the most important barons of Normandy. Jean II d'Harcourt, for example, was named Marshal of France (French: maréchal de France) and accommodated in his residence king Philip III. In 1338, king Philip VI, sets up the seigniory of Harcourt, with the Château d'Harcourt forming its principal town.

The entrance to the residencial area of the Château

The fortress appears to have seldom been under siege through history. It is only at the time of the Hundred Years' War that Harcourt became a military base. In 1418, the castle was claimed by the English, but they were eventually expelled by the counts of Dunois, Eu and Saint-Pol in 1449. As the war came to a close, the domain returned to the Rieux family, then, starting from the second half of the 16th century, to the powerful Lorraine-Guise family. The French Wars of Religion caused an increase in defensive fortifications in the castle. In 1588, the members of a league occupy the castle. In the 17th century, the castle loses all military interest; it is then partially abandoned and invaded by vegetation after Louis Gervais Delamarre acquires it in 1802. With his death, Harcourt is bestowed to the Royal Academy of Agriculture of France (French: L'académie royale d'Agriculture). Today, the council general of Eure is the owner.

[edit] Architecture

It is thought that the Château d'Harcourt consisted in the beginning of a motte-and-bailey surrounded by a ditch, like many of the other fortresses of the time. In the 12th century, a square stone tower took the place of earlier wooden constructions. The castillar architecture then evolves according to the progresses of sieges, and the rise and the rise of its successive owners. In the 13th century the old keep is integrated in a polygonal castle. The bailey is protected by a curtain wall punctuated by nine round towers. Ahead of the curtain wall, a deep ditch, dry most of the time (lacking a river to feed it), girdles the structure.

Through the 14th century, the defence of the castle continues to improve. A monumental fortified door, a châtelet, is installed to defend the more exposed of the two entries. The archeries are enlarged to allow firing crossbows.

In the 17th century, Françoise de Brancas, married to the Alphonse de Lorraine, count of Harcourt, undertakes to refit the medieval fortress to make it more hospitable. A friend of Madame de Maintenon, she demolishes three sides of the polygonal castle and thus opens her apartments to the light. With a similar aim, large rectangular bays are bored and the interior disposition is re-examined.

The medieval Château d'Harcourt appears truncated today, especially as the top of the keep was levelled to bring it to the same height as the other buildings. There is no longer any building in the bailey, though a chapel was probably there formerly.

The castle is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.