Cascadia subduction zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Cascadia subduction zone is a subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to northern California.
Contents |
[edit] Geology
The zone separates the Juan de Fuca, Explorer, Gorda and the North American Plates. Here, the oceanic crust of the Pacific Ocean sinks beneath the continent at a rate of 40 mm/yr.[1]
The width of the Cascadia subduction zone fault varies along its length, depending on the temperature of the subducted oceanic plate, which heats up as it is pushed deeper beneath the continent. As it becomes hotter and more molten, it eventually loses the ability to store mechanical stress and generates earthquakes.
The Cascadia subduction zone presents a challenge to current tectonic theory which generally holds that subduction occurs as a plate becomes older, denser and thicker with distance from the ridge which contributes new material to it. In the case of Cascadia, its associated ridge is just a few hundred miles (and in places less) distant from the subduction zone. This puzzle is a matter of ongoing research and discussion. The current hypothesis which attempts to explain it is that once subduction begins, it continues by the process of slab-pull, i.e. the weight of the previously subducted segment exerts a force behind it on the remaining slab above the subduction zone, regardless of its density, pulling it downward.
The Cascadia subduction zone runs from triple junctions at its north and south ends. On the north just south of Queen Charlotte Island, it intersects the Queen Charlotte Fault and the Explorer Ridge. On the south, just off of Cape Mendocino in California, it intersects the San Andreas Fault and the Mendocino fault zone at the Mendocino Triple Junction.
[edit] Earthquakes
The Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes, magnitude 9.0 or greater, if rupture occurred over its whole area. When the "locked" zone stores up energy for an earthquake, the "transition" zone, although somewhat plastic, can rupture. Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 kilometers (about 40 miles) downdip from the deformation front. Further downdip, there is a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding.[2]
In 1999, a group of Continuous Global Positioning System sites registered a brief reversal of motion of approximately 2 centimeters (0.8 inches) over a 50 kilometer by 300 kilometer (about 30 mile by 200 mile) area. The movement was the equivalent of a 6.7 magnitude earthquake.[3] The motion did not trigger an earthquake and was only detectable as silent, non-earthquake seismic signatures.[4]
The last known great earthquake in the northwest was in January of 1700, the Cascadia Earthquake. Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years, suggesting a return time of 300 to 600 years. There is also evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake, and one line of evidence for these earthquakes is tsunami damage, and through Japanese records of tsunamis.[5]
A future rupture of the Cascadia Subduction Zone would cause widespread destruction throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Other similar subduction zones in the world usually have such earthquakes every 100–200 years; the longer interval here may indicate unusually large stress buildup and subsequent unusually large earthquake slip.
[edit] San Andreas Quake Connection
Studies of past earthquake traces on both the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern Cascadia Subduction Zone indicate a correlation in time which may be evidence that quakes on the Cascadia Subduction Zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas during at least the past 3,000 years or so. The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time-correlated events. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake seems to have been a major exception to this correlation, however, as it was not preceded by a major Cascadia quake, and the rupture moved mostly from south to north. [6]
[edit] Volcanoes
The volcanoes within the subduction zone include:
- Silverthrone Caldera
- Mount Meager
- Mount Cayley
- Mount Garibaldi
- Mount Baker
- Glacier Peak
- Mount Rainier
- Mount St. Helens
- Mount Adams
- Mount Hood
- Mount Jefferson
- Three Sisters
- Newberry Volcano
- Mount Mazama
- Mount McLoughlin
- Medicine Lake Volcano
- Mount Shasta
- Lassen Peak
[edit] See also
- Cascadia
- 1700 Cascadia earthquake
- Cascade Range
- Cascade Volcanoes
- Geology of the Pacific Northwest
- North Cascades National Park
- Plate tectonics
- Subduction zone
[edit] References
- ^ Juan de Fuca Volcanics. Retrieved on 2008-05-06. USGS
- ^ Nedimovic MR, Hyndman RD, Ramachandran K, Spence GD (2003). "Reflection signature of seismic and aseismic slip on the northern Cascadia subduction interface". Nature 424 (6947): 416-20. PMID 12879067.
- ^ Dragert H, Wang K, James TS (2001). "A silent slip event on the deeper Cascadia subduction interface". Science 292 (5521): 1525-8. PMID 11313500.
- ^ Rogers G, Dragert H (2003). "Episodic tremor and slip on the Cascadia subduction zone: the chatter of silent slip". Science 300 (5627): 1942-3. PMID 12738870.
- ^ The Orphan Tsunami of 1700—Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. Retrieved on 2008-05-06. USGS Professional Paper 1707
- ^ Science Daily, April 3, 2008
[edit] External links
- Giant Earthquakes Beneath Canada's West Coast. Geological Survey of Canada - Pacific Division. Retrieved on 2006-06-10.
- Atwater, BF (1987). "Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State". Science 236 (4804): 942-44.
