Carl O. Sauer

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Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889 – July 18, 1975) was an American geographer. He was born in Warrenton, Missouri and graduated from the University of Chicago with a Ph.D. in 1915. Sauer was a professor of geography at the University of California, Berkeley from 1923 until becoming professor emeritus in 1957 and was instrumental in the early development of the geography graduate school at Berkeley. One of his most well known works was Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952). In 1927, Carl Sauer wrote the article "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography," which brought up how cultural landscapes are made up of "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape."

Carl Sauer's paper "The Morphology of Landscape" (Sauer 1925) is probably the most influential in developing ideas on Cultural landscapes (see James and Martin 1981: 321-324; Leighly 1963:6; Price and Lewis 1993; Williams 1983) and it is still cited today. Ironically however, Sauer's paper was really concerned about his own vision for the discipline of geography, which was to establish the discipline on a phenonomological basis rather than it being specifically concerned with cultural landscapes. "Every field of knowledge is characterised by its declared preoccupation with a certain group of phenomena” (Sauer 1925:20). Geography was assigned the study of areal knowledge or landscapes or chorology (1925:21). “Within each landscape there are phenomena that are not simply there but are either associated or independent of each other”. Sauer saw that the geographer’s task was to discover the areal connection between phenomena(1925:22). Thus "the task of geography is conceived as the establishment of a critical system which embraces the phenomenology of landscape, in order to grasp in all of its meaning and colour the varied terrestrial scene" (Sauer 1925:25).

Sauer was a fierce critic of environmental determinism, which was the prevailing theory in geography when he began his career. He proposed instead an approach variously called "landscape morphology" or "cultural history." This approach involved the inductive gathering of facts about the human impact on the landscape over time. Sauer rejected positivism, preferring particularist and historicist understandings of the world. He drew on the work of anthropologist Alfred Kroeber, and was accused of introducing a "superorganic" concept of culture into geography (Duncan 1980; but see Solot 1986). Politically Sauer was a conservative, and expressed concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world.

After his retirement, Sauer's school of human-environment geography developed into cultural ecology. Cultural ecology retained Sauer's interest in human modification of the landscape and pre-modern cultures.

[edit] References

• Duncan, J. 1980. The superorganic in American cultural geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70:181-198.
• Entrinkin, J.N. 1984. Carl O. Sauer, philosopher in spite of himself. Geographical Review 74(4):387-408.
• Leighly, J. 1963. Land and Life: A selection from the writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• James, P. E. and Martin, G. 1981, All Possible Worlds: A history of geographical ideas, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Price, M., and M. Lewis. 1993. The Reinvention of Cultural Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83 (1):1-17.
• Sauer, C. O. 1925. The Morphology of Landscape. University of California Publications in Geography 2 (2):19-53.
• Solot, M. 1986. Carl Sauer and cultural evolution. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 76(4):508-520.
• Williams, M. 1983. "The apple of my eye": Carl Sauer and historical geography. Journal of Historical Geography 9 (1):1-28.

[edit] External links

• UC, Berkeley Biography
• List of accomplishments on the Berkeley geography website
• List of Sauer articles on the web

[edit] See also

List of geographers